Posted: February 25th, 2023

List and explain; six potential causes of P.J.’s blurry vision

Case study is attached. Answer the following:
1. List and explain; six potential causes of P.J.’s blurry vision.
2. Analyze additional health history information and describe what would be included in P.J.’s focused nursing assessment.
3. Detail early signs and evaluate risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
4. Determine what diagnostic tests determine if P.J. has age-related macular degeneration.
5. Discuss the necessary diet related teaching/changes that need to be provided to P.J.
So, in this case study, answer the 5 questions printed in blue. Also, include this source, Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 12th Edition, Mariann M. Harding, Jeffrey Kwong, Debra Hagler, and Courtney Reinisch, include the page on the citation.
Other sources should have come from reliable website sources in the USA, evidence-based, reliable journals, books, websites, and searchable on the reliable database, such as EBSCOhost. Sources should be at least five years (2019 onwards).
List and explain six potential causes of P.J.’s blurry vision.
There are several potential causes of P.J.’s blurry vision. These include:

a) Presbyopia: Presbyopia is a common age-related condition that causes the loss of near vision. This condition is caused by a hardening of the lens in the eye, which makes it difficult to focus on close objects. (Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th edition, p. 1954)

b) Cataracts: Cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye, which can cause blurry vision. This condition can be caused by aging, injury, or a variety of medical conditions. (Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th edition, p. 1952)

c) Diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that can cause blurry vision. This condition occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak or become blocked. (National Eye Institute, 2019)

d) Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause optic nerve damage and vision loss. This condition is often caused by high pressure in the eye, which can damage the optic nerve over time. (National Eye Institute, 2019)

e) Macular degeneration: Macular degeneration is a common age-related eye disease that can cause blurry or distorted vision. This condition occurs when the macula, a small area in the center of the retina, deteriorates. (Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th edition, p. 1955)

f) Dry eye syndrome: Dry eye syndrome is a common condition that can cause blurry vision, discomfort, and other symptoms. This condition occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. (American Optometric Association, 2021)

Analyze additional health history information and describe what would be included in P.J.’s focused nursing assessment.
Additional health history information that would be important to gather in P.J.’s case includes:

a) Medical history: P.J.’s medical history could provide important information about any underlying medical conditions that could be contributing to her blurry vision. This information could include whether she has diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other chronic conditions.

b) Family history: P.J.’s family history could also provide important clues about the potential causes of her blurry vision. For example, a family history of macular degeneration could indicate that this condition is more likely to be the cause of her symptoms.

c) Medications: Some medications can cause blurry vision as a side effect. Therefore, it would be important to gather information about any medications that P.J. is currently taking.

d) Lifestyle factors: Certain lifestyle factors, such as smoking or a high-fat diet, can increase the risk of certain eye diseases. Therefore, it would be important to gather information about P.J.’s lifestyle habits.

A focused nursing assessment for P.J. could include the following:

a) Visual acuity testing: Visual acuity testing involves measuring how well P.J. can see at different distances. This could help to determine the extent of her blurry vision.

b) Tonometry: Tonometry is a test that measures the pressure inside the eye. This could help to determine whether P.J. has glaucoma, which can cause blurry vision.

c) Fundoscopy: Fundoscopy is a test that allows the healthcare provider to examine the retina and optic nerve. This could help to identify any signs of diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, or other eye diseases.

d) Comprehensive medical history: As discussed above, a comprehensive medical history could provide important

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