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Posted: March 20th, 2023
Assessment of the uptake of greener technologies in international shipping: a case study on potential impacts of ammonia as an alternative fuel, on the health and safety of seafarers.
International shipping is a vital sector for the global economy, transporting about 80% of world trade by volume and 70% by value (UNCTAD, 2020). However, it is also a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for about 3% of global CO2 emissions and 9% of transport-related CO2 emissions (IMO, 2018). Moreover, it is projected that the demand for maritime transport will increase by 3.4% annually until 2050, leading to a rise in fuel consumption and emissions (IMO, 2018).
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In order to mitigate the environmental impact of shipping and meet the targets set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels, there is a need to adopt greener technologies and alternative fuels in the sector (IMO, 2018). Among the various options available, ammonia has been identified as one of the most promising candidates for decarbonizing shipping, due to its high energy density, zero carbon content, availability, and compatibility with existing infrastructure (Balcombe et al., 2020).
However, ammonia also poses significant challenges and risks for the health and safety of seafarers, who are exposed to its potential hazards during production, storage, handling, and combustion. Ammonia is a toxic, corrosive, and flammable substance that can cause severe injuries or fatalities in case of inhalation, skin contact, or fire (NIOSH, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to assess the potential impacts of ammonia as an alternative fuel on the health and safety of seafarers and identify the best practices and measures to prevent and mitigate them.
This blog post aims to provide an overview of the current state of research and development on ammonia as an alternative fuel for shipping and to present a case study on its potential impacts on the health and safety of seafarers. The main research questions are:
- What are the main drivers and barriers for the adoption of ammonia as an alternative fuel for shipping?
- What are the main health and safety hazards associated with ammonia production, storage, handling, and combustion in maritime applications?
- What are the best practices and measures to prevent and mitigate the health and safety risks of ammonia for seafarers?
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Drivers and barriers for ammonia adoption
The main drivers for the adoption of ammonia as an alternative fuel for shipping are related to its environmental performance, availability, and compatibility. Ammonia has a high energy density (22.5 MJ/kg) compared to other low-carbon fuels such as hydrogen (120 MJ/kg) or methanol (19.7 MJ/kg), which means that it requires less storage space and weight on board (Balcombe et al., 2020). Moreover, ammonia has zero carbon content and does not produce any CO2 emissions during combustion, only nitrogen and water (Balcombe et al., 2020). Therefore, ammonia can help achieve significant reductions in GHG emissions from shipping and contribute to the decarbonization of the sector.
Ammonia as a Sustainable Fuel: Availability and Scalability
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Another driver for ammonia adoption is its availability and scalability. Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the world, with an annual production of about 180 million tonnes in 2019 (IFA, 2020). It is mainly used as a fertilizer in agriculture, but it can also be used as a fuel or an energy carrier. Ammonia can be produced from various feedstocks such as natural gas, coal, biomass, or renewable electricity via electrolysis of water. The latter option is considered the most sustainable and carbon-free way to produce ammonia, as it does not rely on fossil fuels or emit any GHGs during production (Balcombe et al., 2020). However, it also requires large amounts of renewable electricity, which may not be available or affordable in some regions.
One of the advantages of ammonia as a fuel is that it can be stored and transported using existing infrastructure and technologies. Ammonia has a higher energy density than hydrogen and can be liquefied at moderate pressures and temperatures, making it easier to handle and distribute. Ammonia can also be converted back to hydrogen and nitrogen using a catalyst, which can then be used in fuel cells or combustion engines to generate power (Lan et al., 2019). Alternatively, ammonia can be directly combusted in modified engines or turbines, but this may result in higher NOx emissions, which need to be controlled or mitigated (Bicer and Dincer, 2017).
Ammonia has the potential to become a key component of the future energy system, especially for sectors that are hard to decarbonize such as shipping, aviation, and industry. However, there are still some challenges and barriers that need to be overcome before ammonia can be widely adopted as a fuel. These include technical issues such as safety, efficiency, and compatibility of ammonia with existing engines and turbines; economic issues such as cost competitiveness and market development; and environmental issues such as life cycle analysis and regulation of emissions (Aziz et al., 2020). Therefore, more research and development, demonstration projects, and policy support are needed to accelerate the transition to ammonia-based energy systems.
Works Cited
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Aziz, Muhammad et al. “Ammonia as a Green Fuel and Hydrogen Source for Vehicular Applications.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 131 (2020): 110025. Web.
Balcombe, Paul et al. “How to Decarbonise International Shipping: Options for Fuels, Technologies and Policies.” Energy Conversion and Management 202 (2020): 112255. Web.
Bicer, Yusuf and Ibrahim Dincer. “Environmental Impact Assessments of an Integrated Wind–Ammonia–Hydrogen Energy System I need help with my homework.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42.15 (2017): 10201–10214. Web.
IFA. “IFA - International Fertilizer Association.” IFA - International Fertilizer Association - IFASTAT - All Statistics - Production - Ammonia - World - Total Nutrients - Metric Tonnes (2020): n. pag. Web.
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Lan, Rong et al. “Ammonia as a Suitable Fuel for Fuel Cells.” Frontiers in Energy Research 7 (2019): n. pag. Web.
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