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Posted: September 13th, 2023
Challenges towards sustainable port development in India: the adverse effects of port development on coastal ecology and community
Port development is essential for the economic growth and trade facilitation of any country, especially for a maritime nation like India. India has a coastline of about 7,517 km and 212 ports, of which 12 are major ports and 200 are non-major ports . Ports handle about 95% of India's trading by volume and 70% by value . The cargo volume at Indian ports is expected to increase by 1.7-2 times by 2030 .
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However, port development also poses significant challenges for the coastal environment and the communities living near the ports. Some of the adverse effects of port development on coastal ecology and community are:
- Loss of natural habitats: Port construction and expansion often involve dredging, land reclamation, coastal erosion, and alteration of hydrological regimes, which can destroy or degrade the natural habitats of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrasses, wetlands, and beaches. These habitats provide various ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, shoreline protection, fisheries production, and tourism . For example, the proposed Vadhavan port in Maharashtra is expected to affect about 1,000 hectares of mangroves and 25 hectares of coral reefs .
- Pollution: Port operations generate various types of pollutants such as oil spills, sewage, wastewater, solid waste, ballast water, air emissions, noise, and light, which can contaminate the coastal water quality and affect the health and well-being of marine life and human populations. For example, a study by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) found that the water quality at six major ports in India was below the desired standards due to high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and heavy metals .
- Socio-economic impacts: Port development can also have negative impacts on the livelihoods, culture, health, and safety of the coastal communities. For instance, port activities can disrupt the traditional fishing practices, reduce the catch and income of fishers, displace or relocate the local residents, increase the risk of accidents and conflicts, create noise and traffic congestion, and affect the aesthetic and recreational value of the coast .
Therefore, there is a need for sustainable port development in India that balances the economic benefits with the environmental and social costs. Some of the possible measures to achieve this are:
- Adopting green port initiatives: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) has launched several green port initiatives to reduce the environmental footprint of ports and promote renewable energy sources. These include acquiring equipment for monitoring environmental pollution, setting up sewage/wastewater treatment plants, developing shore reception facilities for wastes from ships, providing shore power to ships at berths, creating oil spill response capabilities at all ports, increasing green cover within port premises, etc. . The MoPSW has also set a target to increase the share of renewable energy to more than 60% across major ports by 2030 .
- Implementing environmental impact assessment (EIA) and management plans: The MoPSW has made it mandatory for all port projects to conduct EIA studies and obtain environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) before starting any construction or expansion work. The EIA studies should assess the potential impacts of port development on the coastal ecology and community and propose mitigation measures to avoid or minimize them. The port authorities should also prepare environmental management plans (EMPs) to monitor and implement the mitigation measures during the construction and operation phases of port projects .
- Enhancing stakeholder participation and awareness: The MoPSW should ensure that all relevant stakeholders such as port authorities, private operators, regulators, environmentalists, local communities, fishers' associations, civil society groups, etc. are involved in the planning and decision-making process of port development. The MoPSW should also conduct public consultations and hearings to solicit feedback and suggestions from the stakeholders and address their concerns and grievances. Moreover, the MoPSW should create awareness among the port users and employees about the importance of environmental protection and conservation and encourage them to adopt best practices for reducing pollution and waste generation .
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In conclusion, port development in India is crucial for enhancing its maritime connectivity and competitiveness but it also poses serious challenges for its coastal ecology and community. Therefore, it is imperative to adopt a holistic approach that integrates economic efficiency with environmental sustainability and social equity. By implementing green port initiatives,
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