Ointments Essay

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Oin tm en ts

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ASSIG N M EN T # 1

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Gro u p M em bers

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What a re o in tm en ts ?

2.

Typ es o f o in tm en ts

3.

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Oin tm en ts b ase s

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Id eal o in tm en ts b ase

5.

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Typ es o f o in tm en ts b ase s

6.

Pre p ara tio n o f o in tm en ts

7.

Bib lio gra p h y

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What a re o in tm en ts ?

“A n y g re a sy o r o ily s e m i- s o lid p re p ara tio n , u su ally m ed ic a te d , t h at c a n b e a p p lie d e xte rn ally t o

th e s k in in o rd er t o h ea l, s o oth e o r p ro te ct it .”

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OR

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Typ es o f O in tm en ts

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Th ere a re t w o t y p es o f o in tm en ts :

1.

Unm ed ic a te d O in tm en ts

2.

Med ic a te d O in tm en ts

Can You Start With an Outline?

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Unm ed ic a te d O in tm en ts :

“T h ese o in tm en ts ?

d o n ot c o n ta in a n y d ru gs?

. T h ese a re u se fu l a s e m ollie n ts a n d p ro te cta n ts ”

EX A M PLE :

? Petr o le u m je lly

Can You Add Charts or Stats?

Definitely! Our writers can include data analysis or visuals—charts, graphs—making your paper sharp and evidence-rich.

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Med ic a te d O in tm en ts :

“ T h ese o in tm en ts ?

co n ta in d ru gs?

w hic h s h ow lo ca l o r s y ste m ic e ffe ct.”

EX A M PLE :

What About Multi-Part Projects?

We’ve got it—each section delivered on time, cohesive and high-quality. We’ll manage the whole journey for you.

? Recta l o in tm en ts

? Opth alm ic o in tm en ts ,e tc .

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What a re B ase s?

“T h e v e h ic le s u se d f o r a p h arm ace u tic a l s e m i- s o lid s a re c a lle d a s b ase s.”

Th ey

dif fe r

fr o m

th at

use d

fo r

Who is my writer? How can I communicate with him/her?

Our writers come from all corners of the globe, and we’re picky about who we bring on board. They’ve passed tough tests in English and their subject areas, and we’ve checked their IDs to confirm they’ve got a master’s or PhD. Plus, we run training sessions on formatting and academic writing to keep their skills sharp. You’ll get to chat with your writer through a handy messenger on your personal order page. We’ll shoot you an email when new messages pop up, but it’s a good idea to swing by your page now and then so you don’t miss anything important from them.

a co sm etic s

beca u se

fo r

a co sm etic s ,

pen etr a tio n

in

to

th e s k in is n ot d esir e d .

Id eal O in tm en t B ase s

? Does n ot r e ta rd w ou nd h eali n g.

? Lo w s e n sit iz a tio n in dex.

? Ph arm ace u tic a l e le ga n ce .

? A lo w in dex o f ir rit a tio n .

? Non d eh yd ra tin g.

? Non g re asy .

? Good k e ep in g q u alit ie s.

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Typ es o f O in tm en t B ase s

Th ere a re f o u r m ajo r t y p es o f o in tm en t b ase s t h at a re c o m merc ia lly u se d :

I.

Ole agin ou s b ase s

II.

Abso rp tio n b ase s

III.

Wate r r e m ova b le b ase s

IV .

Wate r s o lu ble b ase s

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I.

Ole ag in ou s B ase s

Th ese b ase s a re u su ally a n hyd ro u s a n d c o n sis t o f s u b sta n ce s s u ch a s:

? Hyd ro ca rb on s?

( in clu de s o ft , liq u id a n d h ard p ara ffin )

? Veg eta b le o ils ?

( p ean u t o il, a lm on d o il, e tc )

? Silic o n es

(u se d

as

?barrie r

cre a m s

beca u se

of

th eir

wate r

re p elle n t

pro p ertie s

lik e

dim eth ic o n e)

? Certa in ?

sy n th etic e ste rs ?

e it h er a lo n e o r in c o m bin atio n .

CH AR ACTER IS T IC S O F O LE A G IN O US B A SE S

? Lo w c a p acit y ?

?

to a b so rb w ate r ?

(e m ollie n t e ffe ct)?

.  

? Exe rt h ig h o cclu siv e n ess?

b y f o rm in g w ate r im perm eab le la ye r o n s k in .

? Gre a sy ?

a n d t h us d if fic u lt t o r e m ove f r o m s k in .

? Pro lo n g c o n ta ct?

w it h s k in .

? Poor a esth etic ?

a p p eal.

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II.

Abso rp tio n B ase s

“T h ese b ase s a re u su ally a n hyd ro u s a n d t h ey d o a b so rb a q u eo u s s o lu tio n s.”

? Th ese a re c o n sid ere d a s ?

“w ate r in o il e m uls io n s”.

? Th e b ase s ?

do n ot a b so rb w ate r?

o n c o n ta ct, b u t w it h s u ff ic ie n t a git a tio n .

? Ab so rp tio n

base s

are

fo rm ed

by

th e

ad dit io n

of

su bsta n ce s

mis cib le

wit h

hyd ro ca rb on s

an d

poss e ssin g

pola r

gro u pin gs,

su ch

as

?su lf a te ,

su lf o n ate ,

ca rb oxyl, h yd ro xyl, o r e th er l i n kage .

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TY PES O F A BSO RPTIO N B A SE S

Abso rp tio n b ase s a re o f t h e f o ll o w in g t w o t y p es:

1.

Anh yd ro u s a b so rp tio n b ase s

2.

Hyd ro u s a b so rp tio n b ase s

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AN HYD RO US A BSO RPTIO N B A SE S

“T h ese b ase s a b so rb w ate r t o f o rm w ate r in o il e m uls io n s.”

EX AM PLE S:

? La n olin .

? Beesw ax

? Hyd ro p h ilic p etr o la tu m .

? Org a n osilic o n es.

HYD RO US A BSO RPTIO N B A SE S

“T h ese a re w /o e m uls io n s w it h a b ilit y t o a b so rb a d dit io n al w ate r.”

EX AM PLE :

? Hyd ro u s la n olin

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III.

Wate r- S o lu ble B ase s

“W ate r-s o lu ble v e h ic le s a re p re p are d f r o m m ix tu re s o f h ig h – a n d lo w -m ole cu la r-w eig h t

poly e th yle n e g ly co ls o r m acro go ls ,” w hic h h ave t h e g en era l f o rm ula :

HO CH ?

2?

[C H ?

2?

OCH ?

2?

]n CH ?

2?

OH

? Th ey

are

wate r

so lu ble

beca u se

of

th e

pre se n ce

of

man y

pola r

gro u ps

an d

eth er

lin ka ge s.

? Th e “ w ate r-s o lu ble ” b ase s a re a ls o k n ow n a s ?

gre a se le ss?

o in tm en t b ase s.

Hig h M ole cu la r W eig h t P oly e th yle n e G ly co ls

  Liq u id s

Modera te ly H ig h M ole cu la r W eig h t P oly e th yle n e G ly co ls

  Unctu ou s

Hig h er M ole cu la r W eig h t P oly e th yle n e G ly co ls

  So lid s

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EX AM PLE S:

? Po ly e th yle n e G ly co l O in tm en t

? Po ly b ase

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IV .

Wate r- R em ova b le B ase s

Th e w ate r-r e m ova b le b ase s a re o il- in -w ate r e m uls io n s a n d a re r e fe rr e d t o a s ?

“c re a m s”.

? Th e

wate r

re m ova b le

base s

fo rm

a ?se m ip erm ea b le

film

on

th e

sit e

of

actio n

fo ll o w in g

th e e va p ora tio n o f w ate r.

EX AM PLE S:

? Hyd ro p h il ic O in tm en t

? Van is h in g C re am

? Derm ab ase

? Velv a ch ol

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Pre p ara tio n o f O in tm en ts

Mach in es U se d i n t h e P re p ara tio n o f O in tm en ts

Th e

most

co m m on ly

use d

mach in es

fo r

th e

pre p ara tio n

of

oin tm en ts

on

a la rg e

sca le in in du str ie s a re :

? Ste am -ja ck e te d -k e ttle

? Collo id al M ill

? Agit a to r m ix e r

? Sig m a m ix e r

? Pla n eta ry m ix e r

ST A IN LE SS S T EA M J A CK ET ED K ET T LE

? Th ese

ke ttle s

are

sta in le ss

ste el

ste am

ja ck e te d

ve sse ls

whic h

are

use d

in

ph arm ace u tic a l in du str y f o r t h e p re p ara tio n o f o in tm en ts .

? Oin tm en ts

are

mostly

pre p are d

fr o m

tw o

dif fe re n t

ph ase s:

an

aq u eo u s

ph ase

an d

an o il p h ase .

? Both

th e

ph ase s

are

pre p are d

in

se p ara te

ke ttle s.

In

each

ke ttle

th e

mate ria ls

are

melt e d

wit h

th e

help

of

heat

pro vid ed

by

ste am

in

ja ck e t

of

ve sse l

an d

mix e d

pro p erly f o r e ach p h ase b efo re t h e t w o p h ase s a re b le n ded t o ge th er.

PR IN CIP LE :

Sta in le ss

ste el

ste am

ja ck e te d

ke tt le s

work

on

th e

prin cip le

of

?“h ea t

tr a n sfe r”

i. e .

co n du ctio n ?

. S te am is p ro vid ed u nder c o n tr o lle d p re ssu re .

BA SIC T Y PES A N D S IZ ES:

1.D ir e ct S te am :

  Req u ir e s e xte rn al s te am s u pp ly .

2.S e lf C on ta in ed M od els :

  M ake s it s o w n s te am

?TYPES:

? Gas H eate d

? Ele ctr ic H eate d

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CO LLO ID AL M IL L

? Th ey a re u se fu l in p re p ara tio n o f p h arm ace u tic a l s e m is o lid s.

? Collo id

mill

is

use d

fo r

grin din g,

dis p ers in g

an d

hom oge n iz in g

of

oin tm en t,

cre am ,

ge ls a n d h ig h v is co u s f lu id s in o n e o p era tio n .

? It

is

a ty p e

of

sh ear

mix e r

whic h

is

use d

to

mix

tw o

ph ase s

of

se m is o li d s

i. e .

oil

an d

aq u eo u s

ph ase

by

ap ply in g

sh ear

an d

fu rth er

re d u cin g

th e

partic le

siz e

to

make

th e

pre p ara tio n s m ooth a n d e le ga n t.

PR IN CIP LE :

It w ork s o n t h e p rin cip le o f?

?

sh ea rin g?

a n d ?

attr it io n ?

.  

CO NST R U CTIO N:

? A c o llo id al m ill c o n sis ts o f a C on ic a l R oto r a n d a s ta to r.

? Th e g a p b etw een t h em c a n b e a d ju ste d f r o m 0 .0 05 t o 0 .0 75cm s.

? Th e

ro to r

is

co n necte d

to

a hig h

sp ee d

moto r

whic h

ca n

re vo lv e

at

a sp ee d

of

3000-2 0,0 00 r .p .m .

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WORK IN G:

? Th e

mate ria l

to

be

gro u nd

is

alr e ad y

re d u ce d

to

as

fin e

partic le s

to

avo id

dam age

to

co llo id

mill,

th en

re d u ce d

mate ria ls

are

fe d

in to

th e

mach in e

th ro u gh

a hop per,

whic h is t h ro w n o u tw ard b y c e n tr if u ga l a ctio n .

? As

th e

mate ria l

passe s

th ro u gh

a narro w

ga p

betw een

Roto r

& Sta to r,

it s

siz e

is

re d u ce d

sin ce

here

we

are

usin g

it

fo r

mix in g

of

tw o

ph ase s

so

th e

mate ria l

wou ld

als o

be

hom oge n iz e d

an d

dis p ers e d

pro p erly

su ch

th at

th e

ou tp u t

wou ld

be

a ble n d

of t w o p h ase s h avin g f in e p artic le s a n d s m ooth a p peara n ce .

SIG M A-B LA D E M IX ER

PR IN CIP LE :

Th e p rin cip le o f m ix in g is ?

?

sh ea rin g.?

T h e s ig m a s h ap ed b la d es c re ate h ig h s h ear.

AD VA N TA G ES:

? It c re ate s a m in im um d ead s p ace d u rin g m ix in g.

? It is u se d f o r w et g ra n u la tio n

DIS A D VA N TA G ES:

? It w ork s a t a f ix e d s p eed

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PLA N ET A R Y M IX ER

PR IN CIP LE :

Th e p rin cip le o f m ix in g is ?

sh ea r.

WORK IN G:

Sh ear

is

ap plie d

betw ee n

movin g

bla d e

an d

sta tio n ary

wall.

Th e

mix in g

arm

move s

aro u nd

it s

ow n

axis

an d

aro u n d

th e

ce n tr a l

axis

so

th at

it

re ach es

eve ry

sp ot

of

th e

ve sse l.

Th e

pla te s

in

th e

bla d e

are

slo p ed

so

th at

th e

pow der

make s

an

upw ard

move m en t

to

ach ie ve t u m blin g a ctio n .

CO NST R U CTIO N:

? Con sis ts

of

a ve rtic a l

cy li n der

sh ell

th at c a n b e r e m ove d .

? Th e

bla d e

is

mou n te d

fr o m

th e

to p o f t h e b ow l.

? Th e

mix in g

sh aft

is

driv e n

by

th e

pla n eta ry

ge ar

an d

it

is

norm ally

bu ilt w it h a v a ria b le s p eed d riv e .

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Bib lio gra p h y

1.

LA CH M AN ,

L.,

& LIE B ER M AN N,

H.

A.

(2 0 13).

Th e

Th eo ry

an d

pra ctic e

of

in du str ia l

ph arm acy . N ew D elh i, C B S P u blis h ers & D is tr ib u to rs P vt. L td .

2.

Im age c re d it s – G oo gle I m age s

TH AN K Y O U

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