To hire our pro writers, fill the instructions form & checkout for your order—guaranteed top college graduates & NO AI—Plagiarism in the final papers! Pursuing an 8-16 week course? Let the best in ace my homework writing services and online class help, assist you today.
Posted: March 4th, 2025
Brain Tumor Classification via Statistical Features and Back-Propagation Neural Network
Abstract— Classification of brain tumor is the heart of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system designed to aid the radiologist in the diagnosis of such tumors using Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI). In this paper, we present a framework for classification of brain tumors in MRI images that combines statistical features and neural network algorithms. This algorithm uses region of interest (ROI), i.e. the tumor segment that is identified either manually by the technician/radiologist or by using any of the ROI segmentation techniques. We focus on feature selection by using a combination of the 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and 2D Gabor filter techniques. We create the features set using a complete set of the transform domain statistical features. For classification, back propagation neural network classifier has been selected to test the features selection impact. To do so, we used a large dataset consisting of 3,064 slices of T1-weighted MRI images with three types of brain tumors, Meningioma, Glioma, and Pituitary tumor. We obtained a total accuracy of 91.9 %, and specificity of 96 %, 96.29 %, and 95.66 % for Meningioma, Glioma, and Pituitary tumor respectively. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the features selection method and indicate that it can compose an effective feature set to be used as a framework that can be combined with other classifications technique to enhance the performance.
Our writers are a talented bunch—each one holds at least a university degree, with over a third boasting Master’s or higher. They’ve aced rigorous tests and training to ensure they can handle any essay you need. Whether it’s a tight deadline or a complex topic, they’ve got the skills to deliver top-quality work that meets your academic standards, making us your go-to for essay help.
Keywords— Brain tumor classification; Gabor filter; Wavelet Transform; statistical features
Brain tumors are the most common brain disease that affect the central nervous system (CNS), the brain and spinal cord [1]. During the last two decades, the computer-aided diagnosis system (CAD) has been employed to improve the accuracy of the diagnostic ability of radiologists in detecting, segmenting, and identifying the type of brain tumor [2].
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most common modality that is exploited to diagnose abnormal tissue growth in the brain. Usually, radiologists depend on manual diagnosis to identify brain tumors [3]. In manual diagnosis, the amount of MRI images to be analyzed is large enough to make readings based on visual interpretation expensive, inaccurate, and intensive. In addition; the human eye is sensitive to any changes in the MRI image, this sensitivity may be decreased with the increase in the number of images [4]. Furthermore, manual diagnosis is time consuming [3], and it depends on the subjective decisions of the radiologists which is hard to quantify [5], thus it may lead to misclassification [6]. Radiologists used invasive techniques such as biopsy and spinal tap methods for a brain tumor diagnosis. Both approaches, biopsy and spinal tap, are painful, time consuming, risky, and expensive [7]. Consequently, developing an accurate, robust, practical, and automatic diagnosis system for this purpose is significant and essential to overcome the drawbacks of manual diagnosis and invasive techniques.
Yes, absolutely! We have a zero-tolerance policy for plagiarism. Every paper is crafted from scratch by real writers—not AI—using thorough research and proper citations. We run every piece through advanced plagiarism checks, and you can request a report to confirm it’s 95%+ original, ensuring it’s ready for submission without any worries.
Many researchers have proposed different methods to develop a CAD system that can detect or classify abnormal tissues in brain MRI images. Feature extraction is a crucial step in building a capable CAD system [2]. The most widely used techniques for feature extraction are texture features and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Texture is a pattern that appears in an image frequently and repeatedly [8]. Texture features can be specified by statistical features [9] or Gabor filter [10]. There are two types of statistical features, first order and second order [8]. First order features are extracted from the image histogram [11], while second order features are extracted from Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRM) [8], or Neighborhood Gray Tone Difference Matrix (NGTDM) [12]. Gabor filter is a linear and local filter that is based on the convolution between Gaussian function and cosine function [10]. Texture features based on Gabor filter have been employed to extract the required features for the classification of brain tumor [13]. DWT is a beneficial tool for image analysis since it provides significant information with reduced time [14]. 2-D DWT has been implemented to extract features from brain MRI images for tumor classification [15]. Different classification techniques have been exploited by many authors for identifying tumor types from brain images. The most common used classifiers are neural network and support vector machines (SVM). Neural network was implemented using different architectures like feedforward neural network [6], multilayer perceptron neural network trained with backpropagation algorithm [8], and Probabilistic neural network (PNN) [7]. Support vector machine (SVM) was implemented using three kernels, homogenous polynomial, inhomogeneous polynomial, and Gaussian radial basis function [12], [16]. Other types of classifiers were employed like the ensemble learning method based on AdaBoost classifier [17], neuro-fuzzy classifier [5], dictionary learning and sparse coding [18], and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) [19].
In this paper, we propose a classification algorithm for brain MRI images that exploits statistical features extracted from 2-D DWT and 2-D Gabor filter. Combining both techniques (2-D DWT and 2-D Gabor filter) can improve the classification accuracy as compared to using each method separately since it benefits from all the directional information of the input MRI image. This paper is organized as follows; section I is an introduction, section II presents the methodology used in this algorithm, section III shows the results and section IV is the conclusion.
Definitely! Our writers are pros at all major citation styles—APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just let us know your requirements, and we’ll tailor your paper to match the exact guidelines, ensuring it aligns perfectly with your course’s academic standards.
Feature extraction is implemented using 2-D DWT, 2-D Gabor filter, and statistical features as illustrated in figure 1. The input image is the tumor region that can be obtained using manual segmentation by radiologists or automatic segmentation. Back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used for the classification.
Input Image
No problem! You can chat with your writer anytime through our easy-to-use system. Whether you need to add details, clarify something, or adjust the rubric, they’ll adapt on the fly—even after the writing’s started—so your essay turns out just right.
2-D
Gabor Filter
It’s a breeze. Place your order online, and your writer gets to work right away. You can ask for updates or drafts as they go. Once it’s done, download it from your account, review it, and release payment when you’re happy. It’s simple, fast, and affordable—perfect for any student on the go!
2-D DWT
Statistical Features
Statistical Features
You bet! Need it fast? Our skilled writers can deliver a high-quality essay in as little as 24 hours. Pick your deadline when you order, and we’ll make it happen—whether it’s a rush job or a standard 10-day turnaround, we’ve got your back.
Features Set
BPNN Classifier
Tumor Type
Absolutely. You get free revisions for 14 days after delivery to tweak anything you need. Not happy? We’ll keep at it until you are. Missed a deadline? You’re covered with a full refund—no hassle, no fuss.
Figure 1: Framework of the proposed system
The dataset used to train and test our algorithm consists of 3064 brain MRI slices collected from 233 patients with three kinds of brain tumors, Meningioma, Glioma, and Pituitary.
We pair you with a subject expert who digs into your requirements and researches thoroughly. After writing, it goes through strict quality checks to match our standards and your goals. It’s a process built to get you the grade you’re aiming for.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
We keep it budget-friendly—starting at just $10 per page. The price depends on pages, urgency, and writer level, but there’s no hidden fees. Order early for the best rates, and you’ll get premium help without draining your wallet.
Fig. 2: Sample images from database, (a) Meningioma, (b) Glioma, and (c) Pituitary and its tumor region (d), (e), and (f) respectively
The total number of slices for each type of tumor is: 708 slices for Meningioma tumor, 1426 slices for Glioma tumor, and 930 slices for Pituitary tumor [20]. The tumor region was manually segmented by three radiologists. The original slices along with its tumor region are available online from Figshare website [21]. In figure 2, three different MRI images are presented along with its tumor region.
Wavelet Transform (WT) is a powerful tool that transforms the signal from the time domain into the wavelet domain to analyze the time and frequency contents at the same time [22]. For high frequency signals, Wavelet Transform gives high time resolution and low frequency resolution and for low frequency signals, it gives high frequency resolution and low time resolution. A basis function called “mother wavelet” is scaled and translated to achieve the time and frequency resolution. Wavelet basis function is generated from the mother wavelet as follows [23]:
We’ve got a rock-solid rep—our writers are vetted pros with degrees and proven skills. You’ll chat with them upfront, track your order, and pay securely. We’re legit, safe, and here to boost your writing with samples and support you can rely on.
ψa,bx=1aψx-ba, a ,b ∈Z a > 0 ( SEQ Equation * ARABIC 1)
where
ψx, is the mother wavelet, and (a, b) represent the dilation and translation parameters respectively.
By applying 2-D DWT, the image is decomposed into four subbands labeled LL which represent approximation image, LH, HL and HH that correspond to detail images as shown in figure 3. The approximation and detail coefficients are used for texture features representation. In this algorithm, we implement three levels of 2-D DWT using “symlet4” filter and all the subbands images (LL, LH, HL, and HH) are utilized for feature extraction results in 12 subband images. Combining the approximation and detail coefficient can improve the discrimination ability of the classification algorithm [24].
Fig. 3: One level filter bank for computation of 2-D DWT,
honis a low pass filter and
h1nis a high pass filter
A Gabor filter is a linear filter that is obtained by modulating a sinusoidal wave with a Gaussian function. The frequency and orientation of Gabor filter are similar to the human visual system and it can be used for texture description. The Gabor function is a useful tool in computer vision and image processing, especially for texture analysis, due to its optimal localization properties in both the spatial and frequency domain [25]. 2-D Gabor filter is defined as [10]:
Yes, 100%! They’re a legit tool for students, offering samples to guide your own work. Used right, they sharpen your skills and boost grades—think of it as a learning hack, totally ethical and above board.
Gx,y,λ,θ, ϕ,σ,γ=e-x’2+γ2y’2σ2*ei 2πx’λ+ψ ( SEQ Equation * ARABIC 2)
x’=x cosθ+ysinθ and y’=- x cosθ+ysinθ.
(
λ) is the wavelength of the sinusoidal form, (
θ) is the orientation of the Gabor function, (
ϕ) is the phase offset, (
γ) is the spatial aspect ratio, and (
Absolutely! Our team includes experts with advanced degrees who’ve mastered everything from astrophysics to ancient history. Give us your topic, and we’ll match you with a pro who’ll deliver a deep, well-researched paper that nails your requirements.
σ) is the standard deviation of the Gaussian envelope. To calculate the textural features of an image a set of Gabor filters are used with different frequencies and orientations [13]. We implement Gabor filter with three wavelengths (2, 4, and 8) and five orientations (0
°,45
°, 90
°, 135
°, and 180
°) which results in 15 filters, each filter is convolved with the input image generating 15 filtered images as shown in figure 4.
(2, 0
°) (2, 45
It’s simple: you order, we assign a field expert, they research and draft, and you can weigh in anytime. Editors polish it up, and you get a finished paper with time to spare—straightforward and effective.
°) (2, 90
°) (2, 135
°) (2, 180
°)
(4, 0
°) (4, 45
°) (4, 90
For sure. We nail every citation style with precision, using top-tier sources like journals and books. Your bibliography will be flawless, making your paper look pro and pass any scrutiny.
°) (4, 135
°) (4, 180
°)
(8, 0
°) (8, 45
°) (8, 90
We craft every essay from scratch, focusing on what sets your assignment apart—a bold thesis, fresh ideas, or a standout voice. It’s all custom, designed to catch eyes and earn praise.
°) (8, 135
Yes! Beyond academic essays, our writers excel at creative pieces—short stories, personal narratives, anything you need. They’ll blend imagination with structure to deliver something truly original.
°) (8, 180
°)
Tumor segment
Fig. 4: Resulted images from 2-D Gabor filter with three values of wavelengths and five values of orientations, numbers in brackets are (wavelength, orientation)
Texture of an image can be described easily using statistical approach [26]. These features are widely used in the classification of biomedical images [24]. We consider four first order statistics (mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) that is calculated from the histogram of the image and six second order statistics (Contrast, Correlation, Energy, Homogeneity, Entropy, and Maximum probability) which is calculated from the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). The GLCM is a 2-D histogram that describes the frequency of occurrence of two pixels separated by a certain distance. Table 1 summarizes these features.
As a result, 10 statistical features were obtained from each subband image resulted from three levels of 2-D DWT so, the total number of features extracted from the wavelet transform is 120 features. In a similar way, the same 10 statistical features were extracted from the images generated using Gabor filters results in 150 features, these features are combined to generate the feature vector with the size of 270 features.
Table 1: A LIST OF SELECTED STATISTICAL FEATURES
| Feature | Description | Formula |
| Mean (m) | Average intensity of the image | m=∑i=0L-1i*pi |
| Variance ( |
Every student wants the best grades and that’s our Focus
Our team consists of outstanding writers who have specialized knowledge in specific subject areas and professionals experienced in academic research writing. They hold at least a graduate degree—230 with Masters and MSN qualifications, experts carefully selected and trained to ensure the best quality of our work. .
We’re dedicated to bringing on board top-notch writers who can provide excellent work at prices that make sense for college students; affordable papers. Our goal? To give you the best bang for your buck without ever compromising on the quality of our essay writing services—or the content of your paper. #Don’t forget to use the DISCOUNT code in the COUPONS section of the order form before you pay!.
The service guarantees that our final work is 100% original, rearched and human written expertly. We are committed to delivering plagiarism-free and AI-free work to each university/college student's 'write my paper' request. To uphold this promise, we check every draft for any possible instances of duplication, wrong citation, grammar errors and artificiality before we send it to you. Thus, you can always rely on us to write genuine and high-standard content for your essay assignments.
When you trust to place an order with Homework Ace Tutors, here is what happens: