Posted: April 9th, 2024

Cyber Warfare INTL440 Week 1 – Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace

Cyber Warfare INTL440 Week 1   Terminology • Cyberspace • Network • Internet • Cyber Warfare Threats • Governments • Hacktivists • Criminals • Terrorists What is cyberspace? According to The National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations, (1) cyberspace is: “A domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures.” From the Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace: “The security and effective operation of U.S. critical infrastructure – including energy, banking and finance, transportation, communication, and the Defense Industrial Base – rely on cyberspace, industrial control systems, and information technology that may be vulnerable to disruption or exploitation.” (2)

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Cyberspace is about networks What is a network? A network consists of two or more computers connected so that they can exchange data and share resources. A Peer to Peer Network:The simplest network consists of two computers directly connected so that they can share files. The Local Area Network (LAN) The next step is a LAN, familiar in most offices and many homes. LANs allow sharing of both files and devices. They may span several offices or a building.   Connecting networks Wide Area Networks (WAN) www.agatefroce.com In this example, the cloud symbol is used to represent the routers and paths in cyberspace between the two networks.

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WANs permit sharing of resources across a wide geographic area. Examples include financial networks, power grid controls, and military networks sharing a common tactical picture. WAN communications may traverse any combination of private links, leased lines, or public Internet connections. The beginning The Internet Sponsored by DOD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), it began in 1969 as an effort to develop a redundant and survivable strategic communications architecture. Its reliable network protocol became known as TCP/IP (forTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

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Originally known as Arpanet, this network began as a connection between main frame computers at several large universities. Over the next decade, more universities and several government labs were added. Developed in an atmosphere of open collegiality, the original version included few security features. Today   What is cyber warfare? Researcher Dr. Ivan Goldberg defines Cyber Warfare and Information Warfare together as “...the offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversary's information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting one's own. Such actions are designed to achieve advantages over military or business adversaries.” (3) http://www.defense.gov/news/d20110714cyber.pdf Richard Clarke’s definition in his book Cyber War (HarperCollins 2010): “actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption." The Threat From The Joint Operating Environment 2010 (4) “ ...With very little investment, and cloaked in a veil of anonymity, our adversaries will inevitably attempt to harm our national interests. Cyberspace will become a main front in both irregular and traditional conflicts. Enemies in cyberspace will include both states and non-states and will range from the unsophisticated amateur to highly trained professional hackers. …” Who are the attackers? Hackers - Strictly speaking, a hacker is anyone who attempts unauthorized access to a computer or network. A. White Hat. A term used to describe professionals hired to identify security flaws via authorized network penetration tests. B. Black Hat. Refers to hackers attempting unauthorized access, generally with malicious intent. Sometimes called “crackers” to distinguish them from white hat hackers, they generally fall into one of the following groups: (1) Those engaged in espionage, sabotage or other crimes. (2) Those attempting to make a political statement. (3) Youthful experimenters hoping to gain bragging rights.

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Annual conferences like DEFCON discuss security issues and identified weaknesses. They attract a wide audience ranging from industry and government professionals to those whose interests may be questionable... Young hackers playing with attack scripts are sometimes derisively referred to as “script kiddies”. Who employs hackers? • Governments • Hacktivists • Criminals • Terrorists Governments: Several governments have publicly announced cyber war units as Hacktivists Hacker + Activist = Hacktivist Hacktivists use cyber attacks to convey a political or social message. Common tactics include web site defacement (left) and denial of service attacks in which simultaneous requests from thousands of PCs block access to the site. Criminals Cyber criminals run the gamut from youths running 419 scams out of Nigerian cyber cafes to large criminal syndicates. Organized cyber crime may be involved in: • Fraud • Spamming • Identity theft info for sale• Gambling • Identity Theft • Bot nets for hire • Use of proxy servers allows • Illicit Web Sites • Deniability • Pornography • What may be state sponsored cyber attacks to be blamed on “cyber hooligans”

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Terrorists Attacks So far, there have been no confirmed terrorist cyber attacks. However, a successful attack against a key financial or infrastructure network could gain them significant publicity for their cause at relatively little cost. References: 1. JCS (Dec. 2006) “The National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations”Available in pdf format from http://www.carlisle.army.mil/DIME/documents/National%20Military%20Strategy%20for%20Cyberspace%20Operations.pdf 2. DoD (Jul. 2011) “Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace”Available in pdf format from http://www.defense.gov/news/d20110714cyber.pdf 3. Goldberg (2010) “Glossary of Information Warfare Terms”from http://www.psycom.net/iwar.2.html 4. Joint Forces Command (2010) “The Joint Operating Environment 2010”Available in pdf format from http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_2010_o.pdf

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5. "China Confirms Existence of Elite Cyber-Warfare Outfit 'The Blue Army,'" Fox News, May 26, 2011, http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/05/26/china-confirms-existence-blue-army-elite-cyber-warfare-outfit/

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