Posted: May 27th, 2024

Which of these is true of brain development?

Take Test: Final Exam InstructionsTimed Test This test has a time limit of 1 hour and 30 minutes. You will be notified when time expires, and you may continue or submit.Warnings appear when half the time, 5 minutes, 1 minute, and 30 seconds remains. Multiple Attempts Not allowed. This test can only be taken once. Less than five minutes remain. Remaining Time:04 minutes, 44 seconds. Question 1 1. Which of these is true of brain development?Dendrite branching accelerates during infancyMyelination takes place during infancyThere is an increase in synaptic connections during childhoodAll of the above are true2 points Question 2 1. A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.androgenteratogenproestrogenestrogen2 points Question 3 1. According to Piaget, assimilation occurs when individuals _____.adjust their schemas to new informationincorporate new information into existing schemasare deprived of parental warmth and sensitivityare insecurely attached to their caregivers2 points Question 4 1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?Conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal periodConception, embryonic period, zygote, fetal periodConception, fetal period, embryonic period, zygoteConception, fetal period, zygote, embryonic period2 points Question 5 1. Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune system functioning?Erikson’s theory of socioemotional developmentFree-radical theoryCellular-clock theoryHormonal stress theory2 points Question 6 1. Which researcher tracked individuals who had experienced bereavement, and looked at their patterns of grief?George BonannoJames MarciaErnest BeckerElizabeth Kubler-Ross2 points Question 7 1. Four-month-old baby Oscar is a participant in a preferential looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar two photos, one of which is of his mother’s face, and the other which is of a female stranger’s face. The photos are presented repeatedly in differing locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photos is recorded. What will researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for his mother’s face over the stranger’s face?Oscar can discriminate his mother’s face from a stranger’s face.Oscar is afraid of strangers.Oscar likes strangers as much as his mothers.Oscar can’t see very well.2 points Question 8 1. Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?Sensorimotor stagePreoperational stagePubertyMenopause2 points Question 9 1. Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operationsSensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperations, formal operationsPreoperations, concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotorConcrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor, preoperations2 points Question 10 1. Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?Adolescents can conceive of hypothetical possibilities in this stage.This stage denotes ability of an adolescent to systematically deduce, or come to a conclusion about, the best path for solving the problem.A kind of abstract, logical reasoning occurs in this cognitive stage.One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.2 points Question 11 1. Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin’s mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin’s cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.accommodatingassimilationscaffoldingconservation2 points Question 12 1. Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?EasyDifficultSlow-to-warm-upAversive2 points Question 13 1. Which of these is not an example of an ability that is present at birth?SuckingObject permanenceBlinkingSwallowing2 points Question 14 1. A(n)_____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one’s culture.gender schemagender diversitygender biasgender orientation2 points Question 15 1. If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to _____.accommodate in later lifesee things from the point of view of another personrecognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shaperetain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences2 points Question 16 1. Neuroleptic drugs _____.are antianxiety drugsreduce schizophrenic symptomseffectively block serotonin activity in the braincure schizophrenia2 points Question 17 1. A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.parental relationshipsmaladaptive beliefschemical imbalanceschildhood experiences2 points Question 18 1. Which therapist is most closely associated with client-centered therapy?Heinz KohutAlbert BanduraSigmund FreudCarl Rogers2 points Question 19 1. _____ treat depression by inhibiting reabsorption of serotonin in the brain.TricylicsMonoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitorsSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Benzodiazepines2 points Question 20 1. The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and _____.the clientthe American Psychiatric Associationthe local governmentother professional therapists who practice in the same state2 points Question 21 1. John does not have much money, but requires the help of a mental health professional. He might best be served by contacting a _____.board-certified psychiatristself-help support grouphumanistic therapistcounseling psychologist2 points Question 22 1. Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques commonly used in _____.psychoanalysiscognitive therapyfamily therapybehavioral therapy2 points Question 23 1. Lithium is commonly used to treat _____.panic attack disorderbipolar disorderschizophreniamajor depression2 points Question 24 1. Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.antianxietyantidepressantantipsychoticMAO inhibitor2 points Question 25 1. According to the psychoanalytic approach to psychotherapy, which of the following is an essential part of the job of a psychotherapist?Point out inconsistencies in the patient’s thoughts and behaviorsEncourage the patient to explore his or her potential for growthEncourage the client to assess his or her own problems through client-centered therapyInterpret the disguised revelations of the unconscious mind to the patient2 points Question 26 1. One potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is _____, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.insomniaschizophreniatardive dyskinesiatransference2 points Question 27 1. _____ is very directive, persuasive, and confrontational. In contrast, _____ involves more of an open-ended dialogue between the therapist and the individual.Beck’s cognitive therapy / rational-emotive behavior therapyRational-emotive behavior therapy / Beck’s cognitive therapyClient-centered therapy / behavior therapyIntegrative therapy / psychodynamic therapy2 points Question 28 1. Which form of treatment, developed by Moniz and used widely by Freeman, involves severing neural fibers connecting parts of the brain?Prefrontal lobotomyElectroconvulsive therapyAntipsychotic disengagementThalamectomy2 points Question 29 1. A test taker of the _____ is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters’ thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out.Rorschach testThematic Apperception Testempirically keyed testMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2 points Question 30 1. Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.psychodynamic perspectivehumanistic perspectivelearning perspectivetrait perspective2 points Question 31 1. Trait theories of personality _____.state that situational factors override personal characteristicsfocus on the role of the unconscioustake a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists doexamine personal characteristics that are stable across situations2 points Question 32 1. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?DopamineSerotoninAcetylcholineGABA2 points Question 33 1. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created by _____.Sigmund FreudKaren HorneyAlfred AdlerHenry Murray2 points Question 34 1. Adler’s view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as _____.individual psychologyhumanistic theorytrait theorysocial cognitive theory2 points Question 35 1. A(n) _____ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that areknown to be different.thematic apperception testempirically keyed testRorschach inkblot testpersonology inventory2 points Question 36 1. “Personology” refers to _____.an old, outdated term for personality psychologythe study of the whole personthe study of how individuals operate within groupsthe study of healthy, well-adjusted individuals2 points Question 37 1. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?Social cognitive perspectivesPsychodynamic perspectivesHumanistic perspectivesPersonological and life story perspectives2 points Question 38 1. _____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer or more temporary experiences.States / TraitsTraits / StatesConditions of worth / ArchetypesArchetypes / Conditions of worth2 points Question 39 1. According to Rogers, we are all born with a need for_____, or a need to be liked, loved, and accepted by those around us.unconditional positive regardconditions of worththe collective unconsciouscatharsis2 points Question 40 1. Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?OpennessExtraversionAgreeablenessNeuroticism2 points Question 41 1. According to Bandura’s concept of _____ determinism, the person, the person’s behavior, and the environment all influence one another.reciprocalcausalhumanisticpsychodynamic2 points Question 42 1. What happened within the Stanford Prison Study?The experiment ran for the full two weeks for which it was scheduledThe experiment was cut off after 6 days because the prisoners and guards didn’t care about their rolesThe experiment was cut off after six days because of concerns for participant safetyThe experiment was cut off after guards administered 450 volt shocks to prisoners2 points Question 43 1. According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?Internal/external causesKnown/unknown causesRegular/irregular causesConsistent/inconsistent causes2 points Question 44 1. When thinking about a situation, the observer is more likely to think about ______ factors, while the actor is more likely to view it in terms of ______ factors.Personality / situationalSituational / personalityExternal / situationalInternal / personality2 points Question 45 1. The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.fundamental attribution errorself-serving biasstereotype threatfalse consensus effect2 points Question 46 1. The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.egoismaltruismsocial contagionsocial loafing2 points Question 47 1. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be “late bloomers” – that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers’ expectations for the “late bloomers” were reflected in student performance – the academic performance of the “late bloomers” was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?Cognitive dissonance theoryThe butterfly effectThe self-fulfilling prophecyThe self-serving bias20 points Question 48 1. You watch as another student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental attribution error, how would you explain the student’s behavior?She must have tripped over something.She is a clumsy person.She couldn’t help it; there were too many books to carry.She was trying to get out of someone else’s way.2 points Question 49 1. When people try to convince Alan to stop smoking, he replies, “It’s not dangerous, my Uncle Bob smoked all his life and lived until he was 93.” This statement, which is an example of self-justification, illustrates Alan’s attempt to reduce _____.stereotype threatcognitive dissonancethe self-serving biasthe fundamental attribution error2 points Question 50 1. Central route persuasion _____.involves the use of non-message factors, such as the source’s credibility and attractivenessinvolves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argumentinvolves emotional appealsinvolves altruism2 points Question 51 1. _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one’s own successes and to deny responsibility for one’s own failures.Positive illusionLearned helplessnessSelf-serving biasStereotyping2 points Question 52 1. Social loafing refers to the _____.tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alonetendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alonetendency to spend more time being productive when in the company of one’s peerssocial norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help themselves (e.g., children and the elderly)2 points Question 53 1. Which is an example of the peripheral route in persuasion?Sharing data on the issueProviding facts on the issueAppealing to the emotions of the individualUsing logic and reason2 points Question 54 1. In which type of culture is conformity stronger?IndividualisticCollectivisticCapitalisticNativistic2 points Question 55 1. Chad regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts. It is likely that Chad suffers from a(n) _____.mood disorderanxiety disorderpersonality disorderdissociative disorder2 points Question 56 1. _____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.Major depressive disorderDysthymic disorderBipolar disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder2 points Question 57 1. Individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to have _____ of perfectionism and _____ of self-efficacy.high levels / high levelshigh levels / low levelslow levels / high levelslow levels / low levels2 points Question 58 1. In the film A Beautiful Mind, John Nash hears and sees people who are not actually there. These sensations are examples of _____.hallucinationsdelusionsmiragescatatonia2 points Question 59 1. In 1973 Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital. What did the results of this study demonstrate?College students are very susceptible to mental health issues.Doctors are always correct in their diagnosis of Schizophrenia.Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label affects how others perceive everything else he or she does.If you are treated for Schizophrenia at an early age, you are likely to recover fully.2 points Question 60 1. Anne, a mother of two young children, developed amnesia, traveled across the country, and assumed a new identity as an accountant. When her husband and children tracked her down several months later, she had no recollection of her earlier life. Anne would likely be diagnosed with _____.borderline personality disorderantisocial personality disordermulti-personality disorderdissociative fugue2 points Question 61 1. Which of these reflects a change included in the newest (fifth) edition of the DSM?The addition of Asperger’s SyndromeThe new edition does not allow a diagnosis of major depression for those suffering grief over the death of a loved oneThe addition of Disruptive Mood Regulation DisorderSome of the diagnostic criteria for Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder have been made more strict2 points Question 62 1. Individuals who suffer from anorexia nervosa weigh less than _____ of what is considered normal for age and height and refuse to maintain weight at a healthy level.65 percent70 percent85 percent90 percent2 points Question 63 1. Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?Dissociative amnesiaDissociative identity disorderDissociative fugueSchizophrenia2 points Question 64 1. _____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.SchizophreniaDissociative identity disorderAntisocial personality disorderBorderline personality disorder2 points Question 65 1. Which of these is the primary tool used in the United States for the classification of mental disorders?Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersInternational Classification of Diseases and Related Problems Disorder Selection ManualSymptoms and Classification of Disorders (5)2 points Question 66 1. The _____ of Schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.positive symptoms / negative symptomsnegative symptoms / positive symptomsphysical symptoms / psychic symptomspsychological symptoms / physical symptoms2 points Question 67 1. A fear becomes a phobia when _____.a doctor diagnoses it as suchan individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the feara person can specifically identify what they are afraid ofa person cannot identify the source of their nervous feelings2 points Question 68 1. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.nolowmoderatehigh2 points Question 69 1. According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves _____.drive-reductionself-efficacy and masteryenvironmental stimulimaintaining optimal arousal2 points Question 70 1. The _____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.arousal level / valencevalence / arousal levelmanifestation / valencevalence / manifestation2 points Question 71 1. Soccer players are expected to congratulate and shake hands with the opposing team, even when their team loses the game. This is an example of _____.a display rulea set pointthe two-factor theory of emotionthe Yerkes-Dodson law2 points Question 72 1. Adding external rewards to a situation in which the person is already intrinsically motivated to perform usually results in _____.neutral intrinsic motivationmaximized extrinsic motivationreduced intrinsic motivationreduced extrinsic motivation2 points Question 73 1. The highest and most elusive of Maslow’s needs is _____.esteemself-actualizationbelongingnesscompetence2 points Question 74 1. The _____ calms the body.sympathetic nervous systemnon-adrenergic neuronsparasympathetic nervous systemnon-cholinergic neurons2 points Question 75 1. You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.instinct; motivation; needinstinct; motivation; driveneed; motivation; driveneed; drive; motivation2 points

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