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Posted: November 28th, 2021
The Plant material of Viscum capitellatum Smith. parasitism on Dendrophthoe falcata which is itself parasitic on M. indica was collected from Amba Ghat, Kolhapur, Western Ghat region of Maharashtra from India in November 2009. The collection are lies [Latitude 16o 58′ 0.59″N and Longitude 73° 48′ 36.61″E at altitude 1100m]. The plant specimen (Voucher no. 550) was authenticated by Dr. Vinay Raole, Reader, Department of Botany, M.S. University, Baroda, India.
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It includes the shape, size, colour, texture, surface and odour of the drug in crude or powered form and often sufficient to enable to identify the whole drugs.
It gives the idea about the colour reaction of specific chemical reagent towards plant tissues [68]. Microscopical images are given in Figure no. 2.
Transverse sections of scale and stems were obtained by means of a microtome and stained with different staining reagents as per standard procedures [66, 70-71]. All observations were performed using Motic Digital Photomicroscope.
Histological study of leaves and stem were performed by reported method [69]. Leaves were boiled in a 5% aqueous solution of NaOH for 5 min while stems were boiled with 10% aqueous solution of NaOH for 10 min. After cooling and washing with water, pieces were treated with a 25% aqueous solution of chromic acid for 30 min at room temperature. Washed pieces of both leaf and stem were pressed in between two slides and slides coves.
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The average number of stomata per square millimeter of epidermis is termed the stomatal number.
The percentage proportional to the ultimate divisions of the epidermis of a leaf, which has been converted into stomata, is termed the stomatal index.
SI = S Ã- 100
E + S
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Where SI = Stomatal index, S = number of stomata per unit area and E = number of ordinary epidermal cells in the same unit area.
Procedure [68]
Pieces of leaf between margin or midrib was cleared and mounted, and the lower surface examined by means of a microscope with a 4mm objective and an eyepiece containing a 5mm square micrometer disc. Counts were made of the numbers of the epidermal cells and of stomata within a square grid, a cell being counted if at least half of its area lies within the grid. The stomata index was determined for both leaf surfaces. Results pertaining to quantitative microscopical study are given in table no. 8.
Total ash gives the idea about the residue obtained after ignition. It consist of physiological ash obtain by ignition of plant tissues and non physiological ash obtain by ignition of extraneous matter adhering to the surface of Plant. 2 gm of accurately weighed air dried powdered drug was taken in silica crucible. This silica crucible with drug material was kept in muffle furnace and ignited at temperature 4500C. The material was heated till the white coloured ash and constant weight is obtained. The procedure was performed in triplicate. Result is given in table No. 9.
The total ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of crucible with ash of drug after ignition from weight of crucible with drug powder before ignition. Percentage of total ash was calculated with reference to air-dried drug.
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Acid insoluble ash gives the idea about the presence of inorganic material such as calcium oxalate present in plant material.
The ash obtained in the total ash method was boiled with 25 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid for 5 min. Insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper (Whatman paper) and washed with hot water. The material retained on filter paper and along with filter paper, was further ignited and weighed. Percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried material. Result is given in table No. 9.
The ash obtained from total ash was boiled with 25 ml water for 5 min. All insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 min at the temperature not exceeding 4500C.
The percentage of water soluble ash was calculated by subtracting weight of insoluble matter from weight of total ash. The difference between weights represents water soluble ash. Percentage of water soluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried drug. Result is given in table No. 9.
It is the process of extraction of crude drugs with solvents with several daily shakings or stirring at room temperature.1 kg of powdered plant was extracted with 5 lit of methanol by cold maceration method. The extract was concentrated on rotary vacuum evaporator (Roteva Equitron, Mumbai) and further dried in vacuum dryer [73].
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Weighed accurately 200gm of dried, powered crude drug and kept in a filter paper cover which was already placed in thimble. Then the solvent was slowly poured onto it. The solvent from thimble goes to lower round bottom flask via siphon tube due to the siphoning or syphon cycle. Such 2-3 cycles of solvent were performed and then drug powder was kept for 12 hours with solvent for imbibitions. After 12 hours imbibitions, solvent from flask heated to form vapors. Due to heat the solvent from RBF gets converted into its vapors, and then these vapors pass via side tube into the condenser where it gets condensed. This solvent dripped again on to drug material, which was placed in thimble. This process was continued till thimble gets filled with solvent and when level of solvent reaches to syphon tube, pulling of whole solvent into the flask is taken place. All this events repeated several times and drug material gets extracted continuously with fresh solvent. This process was performed for 3 days and when syphon solution showed negative test for phytoconstituents, extraction was completed. Then the heating was stopped and the mixture was collected and cooled. Then this mixture was filtered and concentrated by using rotary flash vacuum evaporator. The extract was dried in vacuum dryer and was stored in freeze. Then this marc obtained after pet ether extraction and subjected again to extraction by following solvents (Table 10) [73].
2 g of air powdered drug was placed in a silica crucible. Before that, crucible was cleaned and dried and weight of empty crucible was taken. The powder was spread in a thin uniform layer. The crucible was then placed in the oven at 1050C. The powder was dried for 4 h and cooled in a desiccator to room temperature and weight of the cooled crucible plus powder was noted. Result is given in table no. 9.
Ash of drug material was prepared and adds 50% v/v HCl or 50% v/v HNO3 to ash. Keep it for 1 hour. Filtered and with the filtrate performed the test as per method reported [74]. The results of analysis of inorganic constituents are given in (Table 11).
a) Add dil. NH4OH and saturated ammonium oxalate solution to filtrate.
White ppt of calcium oxalate forms which is soluble in HCl.
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Calcium present.
b) Add ammonium carbonate to filtrate.
White ppt which is insoluble in NH4Cl.
Calcium present.
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a) Add 2% potassium ferricyanide to filtrate.
Dark blue coloration.
Iron present.
b) To filtrate, add 5% ammonium thiocyanate.
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Blood red color.
Iron present.
c) To filtrate, add dil. HCl and sol. of KMnO4.
Pink color.
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Iron present.
a) To filtrate add NaOH.
White ppt.
Magnesium present.
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b) To filtrate add (NH4)2CO3.
White ppt, redissolve in NH4Cl.
Magnesium present.
a) Add sodium cobalt nitrite to filtrate.
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Yellow ppt.
Potassium present.
b) Flame test.
Violet color to flame.
Potassium present.
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a) Add uranyl zinc acetate to filtrate, shake well.
Yellow crystalline ppt.
Sodium present.
a) Add HgCl2 to filtrate.
Brownish red ppt.
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Carbonate present.
b) Add dil. Acid to the filtrate.
Effervescence of CO2
Carbonate present.
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c) Add MgSO4 to filtrate.
White ppt.
Carbonate present.
a) Add BaCl2 to filtrate.
White crystalline ppt
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Sulphate present.
b) Add filtrate to lead acetate sol.
White ppt.
Sulphate present.
a) Add HNO3 and ammonium molybdate to filtrate, heat 10 min. cool.
b) Add silver ammonium- nitrate to filtrate
Yellow crystalline ppt.
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Light yellow ppt
Phosphate present.
Phosphate present.
a) Add AgNO3 to filtrate.
b) To filtrate, add manganese dioxide and H2SO4
White curd ppt, soluble in dil. NH3.
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Odour of chlorine
Chloride present.
Chloride present.
a) Add water to filtrate, add H2SO4 from side of test tube.
b) Add H2SO4 and copper to filtrate, warm
Brown color at junction of two liquid
Liberation of red fumes
Nitrate present.
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Nitrate present.
The shape of starch grains present was determined according to the reported method [68]. Size of starch grains were measured with the help of calibrated Photomicroscope using Motic software. Starch grains were identified by staining with Iodine solution. The Motic digital Photomicroscope was calibrated with images obtained with various magnifications (10x, 40x and 100x) by using standard slide in 1.3 software. The images obtained in triplicate and average figures calculated from 20 readings in each parameter (Table no. 12).
Pre-weighed dried powder material was extracted with Petroleum ether (b.p. 40- 600C) using soxhlet apparatus for 8 h. The marc obtained after extraction was utilized for determination of Crude Fiber Content.
Crude fiber was investigated by acid-base digestion with H2SO4 (1.25%) and of NaOH (1.25%) solution. The marc after extraction was taken into a 500ml beaker and 200ml of boiling H2SO4 added. The content was boiled for 30 minutes, cooled, filtered and the residue washed three times with 50ml of boiling water. The washed residue was further boiled in 200ml of NaOH for 30 minutes. The digest was filtered to obtain residue. This was washed three times with 50ml of boiling water and lastly with 25ml of ethanol.
The washed residue was dried in an oven at 1250C to constant weight and cooled in dessicator. The residue was scraped into a pre-weighed porcelain crucible, weighed, ashed at 5500C for 2 hours, cooled in a dessicator and weighed. Crude fiber content was expressed as percentage loss in weight on ignition. Result is given in table No. 13.
Petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone and methanol extract obtained by successive extraction method and aqueous extract by maceration method [68, 95].
All the extracts were subjected to proximate chemical analysis and its result is given in table no. 14.
a) To the test solution add sodium bi-carbonate
b) Test solution treated with warm water and filter. Test the filtrate with litmus paper.
a) Dragendorff’s Test: Test solution treated with Dragendorff’s reagent (potassium bismuth iodide)
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b) Mayer’s Test: Test solution treated with Mayer’s reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide).
c) Wagner’s Test: Test solution treated with Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in potassium iodide).
d) Hager’s Test: To the test solution add gives with Hager’s reagent (Saturated picric acid solution).
e) Tannic acid test: Test solution treated with Tannic acid solution.
f) Picrolonic acid test: Test solution treated with Picrolonic acid.
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a) Million’s Test: Test solution treated with Million’s reagent and heated on a water bath.
b) Ninhydrin Test: Test solution boiled with Ninhydrin reagent.
a) Molisch’s Test: To the test solution add with few drops of Molisch’s reagent (Alcoholicï¡-naphthol) and 2ml of conc. sulphuric acid is added slowly from the sides of the test tube.
b) Barford’s Test: Test solution heated with Barford’s reagent on water bath.
c) Selivanoffs test (Test for Ketones): To the test solution add crystals of resorcinol and equal volumes of concentrated hydrochloric acid and heat on a water bath.
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d) Test for pentose: To the test solution add equal volumes of hydrochloric acid containing small amount of Phloroglucinol and heat.
e) Osazone formation test: Heat the test solution with the solution of phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, sodium acetate, and acetic acid.
a) Shinoda Test: Test solution treated with fragments of magnesium ribbon and conc. Hydrochloric acid.
b) Alkaline Reagent Test: Test solution treated with sodium hydroxide solution
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c) Zinc-Hydrochloride test: Treat test solution with zinc dust and few drops of HCL
General test: Extract 200 mg of drug with 5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid by warming on a water bath, filter it, and neutralize the acid extract with 5 % solution of sodium hydroxide. Add 0.1 ml of Fehling’s solution A and B until it becomes alkaline (test with pH paper) and heat on water bath for 2 minutes.
Test B: Repeat Test A procedure by using 5 ml of water instead of dilute sulphuric acid. Note the quantity of red precipitate formed.
a) Borntrager’s test: Boil the test material with 1ml of sulphuric acid for 5minutes. Filter while hot. Cool the filtrate; shake with equal volume of dichloromethane or chloroform. Separate the lower layer of dichloromethane or chloroform; shake it with half of its volume of dilute ammonia.
b) Modified Borntrager’s test: Boil 200 mg of test material with 2ml of sulphuric acid. Treat with 2 ml of 5 % aqueous ferric chloride solution (freshly prepared) for 5 minutes, shake it with equal volume of chloroform and continue the test as above.
c) Test for hydroxy anthraquinones: treat the sample with potassium hydroxide solution.
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a) Kedde’s test: Extract the drug with chloroform, evaporate to dryness. Add one drop of 90 % alcohol and 2 drops of 2 % sodium hydroxide solution.
b) Keller-Killiani Test: (Test for deoxy sugars) Extract the drug with chloroform and evaporate it to dryness. Add 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid containing ferric chloride, add carefully 0.5 ml of conc. sulphuric acid by the side of test tube.
c) Raymond’s number: treat the test solution with hot methanolic alkali.
d) Baljet’s Test: The test solution treated with sodium picrate or picric acid.
e) Legal’s Test: Test solution treated with pyridine [made alkaline by adding sodium nitroprusside solution].
f) Tests for coumarins glycosides: Place small amount of sample in test tube and covered it with a filter paper, moistened with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Placed the covered test tube on water bath for several minutes. Remove the paper and expose it to ultraviolet (UV) light.
Place 200 mg of drug in conical flask and moisten with few drops of water.( Flask should be completely dry because hydrogen cyanide produced will dissolve in the water rather than come off as gas to react with paper) moisten a piece of picric acid paper with 5% aqueous sodium carbonate solution and suspended in neck of flask. Warm gently at about 37oC. Observe the change in color.
Froth test: Place 2 ml solution of drug in water in a test tube, shake well.
a) Liebermann Burchard Test: Treat the extract with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil and cool, add conc. sulphuric acid from the sides of test tube.
b) Salkowski test: Treat the extract with few drops of conc. sulphuric acid.
c) Sulfur powder test: Add small amount of sulfur powder to the test solution.
d) Tests for inulin: To the test solution add the solution of ï¡-naphthol and sulphuric acid.
e) Tests for Lignin: Treat the sample with hydrochloric acid and Phloroglucinol.
Treat the sample with thionine solution. After 15 min wash with alcohol
a) Ferric-Chloride Test: Treat test solution with few drops of ferric chloride solution.
b) Gelatin test: To the test solution add 1 % gelatin solution containing 10 % sodium chloride.
a) Heat test: Heat the test solution in boiling water bath.
b) Biuret Test: Test solution treated with Biuret reagent (40% sodium hydroxide and dilute copper sulfate solution).
c) Xanthoproteic test: To the test solution, add 1 ml of conc. nitric acid and boil yellow precipitate is formed. After cooling it, add 40 % sodium hydroxide solution.
d) Test for starch: To the test solution, add weak aqueous iodine solution. Blue color indicates presence of starch, which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling.
Effervescence produces
Litmus paper turns blue
Gives reddish brown colored precipitate
Gives cream colored precipitate
Gives reddish brown colored precipitate
Gives yellow colored precipitate
Gives buff colored precipitate
Gives yellow colored precipitate
White colored precipitate
Gives violet color
Purple to violet ring appears at the junction of two liquids
If red cupric oxide is formed
Rose color is produced
Red color produced.
Yellow crystals formed.
Observe under microscope.
Shows pink scarlet, crimson red or occasionally green to blue color after few minutes.
Shows increase in the intensity of yellow color on addition of few drops of dilute acid.
Shows red color after few minutes.
Red Precipitate formed
compared with precipitate of test A
A rose pink to red color is produced in ammonical layer.
A rose pink to red color is produced in ammonical layer.
Red color produced
Purple color is produced.
Acetic acid layer shows blue colour.
Violet colour produced
Gives yellow to orange color
Gives blood red color
Paper shows green fluorescence.
Reddish purple color
Stable froth (foam) formed
Brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers,
If upper layer turns green
If upper layer turns deep red
Red color at lower layer
Yellow color at lower layer
It sinks at the bottom
Brownish red color formed
Pink color formed
Mucilage turns violet red.
Gives dark blue color
Green color appears
Precipitate formed
Proteins gets coagulated
Gives violet color
Orange color formed
Blue color, which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling
Acidic compounds present
Acidic compounds present
Alkaloids present
Alkaloids present
Alkaloids present
Alkaloids present
Alkaloids present
Alkaloids present
Amino acids present
Carbohydrates present
Monosaccharides are present.
Carbohydrates present
Carbohydrates present
Carbohydrates present
Flavonoids present
Flavonoids present
Flavonoids present
If the precipitate in Test A is greater than in Test B then glycoside may be present.
Anthraquinone glycosides present
Anthraquinone glycosides present
Hydroxy anthraquinones present
Cardiac glycosides present
Cardiac glycosides present
Cardiac glycosides present
Cardiac glycosides present
Cardiac glycosides present
Coumarins glycosides present
Cynogentic glycosides present
Saponin glycosides
Present
Steroids present
Triterpenoids present
Steroids present
Triterpenoids present
Steroids present
Inulin Present
Lignin Present
Mucilage present
Hydrolysable tannins
Condensed tannins
Tannins present
Proteins present
Proteins present
Proteins present
Starch present
Petroleum ether, Benzene, Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Aqueous extracts were screened for fluorescence characteristic. The observation pertaining to their colour in day light and under ultra-violet light were noticed and represented in table. Many substances for example quinine in solution in dilute sulphuric acid when suitably illuminated emit light of a different wavelength or colour from that which falls on them. This emitted light (fluorescence) ceases when the exciting light is removed [68].Results given in Table No. 15.
The chromatographic pattern of plant was obtained as per report with some modifications for which the HPLC conditions are as follows.
Extract: The methanol extract diluted with HPLC grade methanol and filtered through whatman filter paper and used for analysis
Instrument: Shimadzu LC-20AT with UV/visible detector
Stationary Phase: Bonda- pack C-18 column with 250Ã-4mm
Mobile Phase: Methanol (80): Water (20)
Detection wave length: 350 nm
Flow Rate: 2 ml/min.
HPLC Chromatogram is given in Fig. 3 and its retention time is given in Table no. 16
The chromatographic pattern of plant was obtained as per report with some modifications for which the HPTLC conditions are as follows.
Extract: Methanolic Extract
Instrument: HPTLC (Camag, Switzerland)
Stationary Phase: pre-coated silica gel plates
Mobile Phase: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid: water (100:05:10:20)
Spraying Reagent: Natural Product Reagent (NP reagent)
Detection: 365 nm.
HPTLC Chromatogram is given in Fig. 4 and its retention time is given in Table no. 17.
The methanol extract was dissolved in water and partitioned with ethyl acetate and n- butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of compounds.
Column chromatography: The separation of extract constituents was done by column chromatography. The clean and dried glass column was used. The silica gel for column chromatography (#60-120) was activated at 1100c.The column was filled with silica gel and mobile phase without formation of any air bubbles. The silica gel was then allowed to stabilize in the column. Mixture of two or three compounds was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract of the plant with following experimental conditions [73].
Height of column: 20 cm
Diameter of column: 3.5 cm.
Stationary phase: Silica gel (#60-120).
Mobile phase: Benzene†’ Chloroform †’ Ethyl acetate†’ Methanol with variant Proportions
Elution: Gradient elution.
Fraction quantity: 25 ml
20 X 20 glass plates were coated with the thick layer of silica gel or any other adsorbent material. The plates were then activated at 1100c.The sample-containing mixture of two or more compounds were applied in the form of thin band on the plate. The plate was then developed. The different bands separated on the plate were scratched and recovered with methanol. Purity of dried sample was checked by TLC method. One single compound was isolated with the help of preparative chromatography from fractions 54- 58. The compound is given for spectral analysis. FTIR spectra, Mass spectra and 1HNMR are given in fig. no. 5, 6 and 7 respectively. The spectral data of FTIR and 1HNMR are given in Table no. 18 and 19 respectively. The assumed structure of the compound (Quercetin) is given in Fig. No. 8.
Petroleum ether extract obtained is processed for separation of the unsaponifiable and saponifiable matter. Extract is allowed to saponify using alcoholic KOH with reflux and then it is extracted with solvent ether for separation of unsaponifiable matter. The aqueous phase is acidified with concentrated H2SO4 and then again extracted with the solvent ether for separation of the saponifiable matter [73].
Height of column: 25 cm
Diameter of column: 3.5 cm.
Stationary phase: Silica gel for column chromatography (#60-120).
Mobile phase: Benzene†’ Ethyl acetate
Elution: Gradient elution.
Fraction quantity: 30 ml
Fractions No. 24-27 were subjected for thin layer chromatography with following experimental conditions.
Stationary phase: Silica gel H
Mobile phase: Ethyl acetate: Benzene (1: 9)
Detection: Vanilin-sulphuric acid reagent
Identification: Whitish Purple colour
Fraction was concentrated and single band was applied. After plate development; developed band was scraped (Rf. 0.62). After separation of single compound from the silica, it is dried. This sample was further given for spectroscopic analysis. FTIR spectra, Mass spectra and 1HNMR are given in fig. no. 9, 10 and 11 respectively. The spectral data of FTIR and 1HNMR are given in Table no. 20 and 21 respectively. The assumed structure of the compound (Quercetin) is given in Fig. No. 12.
The estimation of carbohydrate was done using the method acid base digestion.
In hot acidic media glucose is converted to hydroxy methyl furfural by dehydration. This forms a green colour product with phenol.
100mg of the aqueous extract was taken and it was hydrolyzed by keeping it on water bath for 3 hours with 5 ml of HCl (2.5N) and cooled at room temperature. Neutralized it with sodium carbonate and volume was made up to 100 ml and from this centrifuge 10 ml of the solution. Then 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1ml of working standard was pipetted out into a series of test tube and in separate test tubes 0.1 and 0.2 ml of sample solution was pipetted out and the volume was make up to 1ml with water. The blank was prepared with 1 ml distilled water. Then 1ml phenol solution and 5ml of sulphuric acid (96%) was added to each test tube and shaken well. After 10 min the test tube was placed in water bath at 25-30ï‚°C for 20 min. The absorbance was read at 490 nm. And the amount of total carbohydrate present was calculated in the sample using standard graph. Result pertaining to Total carbohydrate content is given in Table no. 22 and Calibration curve of standard glucose dilutions are given in Fig. No. 13.
The bitterness value of plant material was compared with diluted solution of Quinine hydrochloride.
The stock solution of 100µg/ml was prepared from which a series of dilutions 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56 and 58 µg/ml were prepared.
Form the stack solution of 1000 µg/ml, 100, 200, 300 and 400µg/ml dilutions were prepared.
Tasted all the dilutions of sample and Quinine sulphate by taking the solution in mouth and swirled it for 30 secs in mouth mainly near to the tongue. After tasting each dilution the mouth wash rinsed thoroughly with drinking water and taken the interval of 10 mins. Until the bitter sensation of previous dilution was no more remain. Then compared the dilution of sample which produced the same bitterness equivalent to the dilution of Quinine sulphate. Then bitterness value was calculated according to following formula.
Bitterness value in units per gram = 2000 Ã- A
B Ã- C
Where A= quantity of Quinine sulphate (mg) having higher bitterness
B= the concentration of stock solution (mg/ml)
C= Volume of sample in ml having higher bitterness
Result pertaining to estimation of bitterness value is given in Table no. 22
The total phenolic content of methanol extract of V. capitellatum Smith. (VCM) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In this method, the blue colour formed due to the polyphenol was measured at 760 nm using UV spectrophotometer.
Folin- Ciocalteu reagent (Merck Co.)
Gallic acid (Sigma Ltd., USA)
Sodium carbonate (SISCO Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India)
The reagent was prepared by diluting 1ml with 5ml of distilled water.
15% solution was prepared in distilled water.
The stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1mg gallic acid in 10ml of water from which different concentrations (20-100µg/ml) were prepared.
Sample solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of the extract in 100 ml of methanol to give (100 µg/ml) solution.
0.1ml of extract was mixed with the 0.2ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2 ml water and 1 ml of sodium carbonate solution, and absorbance was measured at 760 nm after 10 min incubation at 50 0C. The total phenolic was expressed as µg gallic acid equivalent. Result pertaining to Total phenolic content is given in Table no. 22 and Calibration curve of standard gallic acid dilutions are given in Fig. No. 14.
Total flavonoid content of VCM was determined using method reported [79].
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