Posted: March 31st, 2023

Clostridioides difficile Infection (C-diff): Understanding the Pathogen and Modes of Transmission

You are caring for a patient with c-diff as part of your workload assignment. Discuss what c-diff is and how it is transmitted (how you can get it)?
What actions will you take as a nurse to protect yourself and the other patients on the unit when taking care of your patient?

Clostridioides difficile Infection (C-diff): Understanding the Pathogen and Modes of Transmission

As a dedicated nurse, it is essential to be well-versed in the knowledge of infectious diseases, including Clostridioides difficile infection (C-diff). C-diff, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause severe gastrointestinal disturbances, ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. Understanding the nature of C-diff and its modes of transmission is crucial in safeguarding both yourself and other patients on the unit.

1. The Nature of C-diff:

Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming bacterium, commonly found in the intestines of healthy individuals. It usually coexists harmlessly with the gut microbiota, but can become problematic when the balance of the gut flora is disrupted. The bacterium releases two major toxins, namely, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), which are the primary causative agents of the infection’s clinical manifestations. Toxin A is an enterotoxin, while toxin B is a cytotoxin, both contributing to the inflammation and damage of the intestinal lining.

2. Modes of Transmission:

The transmission of C-diff occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route. This means that the bacterium is shed in the feces of an infected individual and can be ingested by another person through contaminated hands or surfaces. Some of the most common ways C-diff can be transmitted include:

a) Healthcare Settings: Hospitals and long-term care facilities are high-risk environments for C-diff transmission due to the close proximity of infected and vulnerable patients. Contaminated surfaces, medical equipment, and hands of healthcare workers can facilitate the spread of the bacterium.

b) Antibiotic Use: Antibiotics are a significant risk factor for C-diff infection, as they can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, in particular, can eliminate beneficial bacteria, creating an environment conducive to C-diff overgrowth.

c) Community-Acquired Infections: Although less common, C-diff infections can also be acquired in the community. Contaminated food, water, or contact with infected individuals may contribute to transmission outside of healthcare settings.

3. Protective Measures for Nurses:

As a nurse caring for a patient with C-diff, it is imperative to take stringent precautions to protect yourself and others on the unit from acquiring the infection. The following measures should be rigorously adhered to:

a) Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing with soap and water is the primary defense against C-diff transmission. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not effective against spores, and thus, soap and water should always be used.

b) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Utilize appropriate PPE, including gloves and gowns, when providing care to the infected patient. These barriers help prevent contact with potentially contaminated surfaces and bodily fluids.

c) Environmental Cleaning: Ensure that environmental surfaces are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a chlorine-based solution or sporicidal agent. This is particularly important in rooms housing patients with active C-diff infections.

d) Contact Precautions: Implement strict contact precautions for the infected patient, including private room placement if possible, to minimize contact with other patients.

e) Antibiotic Stewardship: As a nurse, advocating for prudent antibiotic use is vital in preventing C-diff infections. Encourage healthcare providers to use antibiotics judiciously and opt for targeted therapies whenever possible.

In conclusion, Clostridioides difficile infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings due to its potential severity and ease of transmission. By understanding the nature of C-diff and its modes of transmission, and diligently following protective measures, nurses can play a pivotal role in preventing the spread of this infection and maintaining patient safety.

References:

McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):e1-e48. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085

Guh AY, Kutty PK. Clostridioides difficile Infection. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):ITC49-ITC64. doi:10.7326/AITC201810020

Depestel DD, Aronoff DM. Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection. J Pharm Pract. 2019;32(5):532-539. doi:10.1177/0897190018792284

McFarland LV. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Epidemiology, Trends, and Treatment. Future Microbiol. 2008;3(5):563-578. doi:10.2217/17460913.3.5.563