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Posted: January 16th, 2024
A Comparative Study of Celestial Navigation Techniques over Time
Celestial navigation is the art and science of finding one's position on Earth by observing the stars, planets, sun, and moon. It has been used for centuries by sailors, explorers, and astronomers to navigate the oceans and the skies. However, celestial navigation techniques have evolved over time, as new instruments, methods, and discoveries have improved the accuracy and reliability of this ancient skill. In this paper, we compare and contrast some of the most significant celestial navigation techniques that have been developed and used throughout history, from ancient times to the present day.
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Ancient Celestial Navigation
The earliest evidence of celestial navigation dates back to prehistoric times, when humans used the stars to orient themselves and to mark the seasons. The oldest known star map, found in a cave in Lascaux, France, dates from around 16,500 BCE [1]. Ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese developed sophisticated methods of observing and recording the movements of the celestial bodies, using them for calendar making, astrology, and navigation. For example, the Babylonians invented the sexagesimal system of measuring angles and time, which is still used today for celestial coordinates [2]. The Egyptians used the star Sirius to predict the annual flooding of the Nile [3]. The Greeks developed the concepts of latitude and longitude, and devised instruments such as the astrolabe and the armillary sphere to measure the positions of the stars [4]. The Chinese invented the magnetic compass and used it in conjunction with celestial observations to navigate on land and sea [5].
Medieval Celestial Navigation
The medieval period saw the continuation and expansion of celestial navigation techniques in various regions of the world. In Europe, the Islamic scholars preserved and refined the ancient Greek knowledge of astronomy and navigation, introducing new instruments such as the quadrant and the sextant [6]. They also developed tables of astronomical data, such as the Almanac of Azarquiel, which provided accurate positions of the sun, moon, and planets for any given date and location [7]. In the Indian Ocean, Arab and Indian sailors used a system of star compasses to navigate by the rising and setting points of certain stars on the horizon [8]. In Polynesia, navigators used a complex system of wayfinding that relied on memorizing star patterns, ocean currents, wind directions, cloud formations, and bird behavior [9].
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Modern Celestial Navigation
The modern era of celestial navigation began with the invention of the telescope in the 17th century, which allowed for more precise observations of the celestial bodies. The problem of determining longitude at sea was finally solved by developing accurate methods of measuring time, such as the marine chronometer [10]. The advent of radio and satellite technology in the 20th century provided new ways of transmitting and receiving celestial signals for navigation purposes. For example, radio beacons emit signals that can be used to triangulate one's position by measuring their angles from different locations [11]. Satellite navigation systems, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), use artificial satellites that orbit the Earth and broadcast their positions and time to receivers on Earth [12].
Conclusion
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Celestial navigation is a fascinating subject that illustrates how humans have adapted to their environment and explored their surroundings using the natural resources available to them. It also shows how science and technology have advanced over time, improving our understanding and measurement of the celestial phenomena. Celestial navigation techniques have varied across cultures and epochs, but they all share a common goal: to find one's way in an uncertain world.
References
[1] Rappenglück M.A., "A Palaeolithic Planetarium Underground - The Cave of Lascaux (France)", Migration & Diffusion - An International Journal 1(3), 2000.
[2] Steele J.M., "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical Physical & Engineering Sciences 276(1257), 2008.
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[3] Krupp E.C., "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy", In: Ruggles C.L.N., ed., Handbook of Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer; 2015.
[4] Evans J., "Greek Astronomy: An Introduction", In: Evans J., ed., The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998.
[5] Needham J., "Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1959.
[6] King D.A., "Islamic Astronomy", In: Walker C.B.F., ed., Astronomy Before The Telescope. London: British Museum Press; 1996.
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[7] Comes M., "The Almanac of Azarquiel: I need help with my homework A Precious Tool for Classical & Medieval Astronomy", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 64(6), 2010.
[8] Tibbetts G.R., "Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean Before The Coming of The Portuguese", In: Hourani G.F., Carswell J., eds., Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient & Early Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1995.
[9] Finney B.R., "Voyaging & Wayfinding", In: Howe K.R., ed., Vaka Moana: Voyages of The Ancestors. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press; 2006.
[10] Sobel D., "Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved The Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time", New York: Penguin Books; 1995.
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[11] Malys S., Seago J.H., "A Short History of Radio Aids to Marine Navigation", Journal of Navigation 64(4), 2011.
[12] Parkinson B.W., Spilker J.J. Jr, eds., "Global Positioning System: Theory & Applications Volume I", Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics; 1996.
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