INTRODUCTION In frequency modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the frequency is modulated by the amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulation index for fm is m = maximum frequency deviation/modulating frequency. FM signal can be represented as:- v = ac sin(wct + m sin wmt ) ABSTRACT Frequency modulation is a type of […]
The telescope’s invention is often pegged in 1608 with the award of a patent to Lippershey by the States-General, the name for parliament in the Netherlands. However, an Englishman, Thomas Harriott constructed an early, low-power version of the telescope and used it in August 1609 to observe the Moon, at the same time when Galileo […]
INTRODUCTION: Time dilation is a phenomenon (or two phenomena, as mentioned below) described by the theory of relativity. It can be illustrated by supposing that two observers are in motion relative to each other, and/or differently situated with regard to nearby gravitational masses. Length contraction, according to Hendrik Lorentz, is the physical phenomenon of a […]
Objectives: To study the properties and performance of cross-coupled inverting logic gates. To set up the gates in order to obtain an experience, in the same time able to understand the Bistable Flip-Flop. These circuits have been mostly replaced become a straightforward and effective design. These designs for applications including large dimension digital circuits. Although […]
INTRODUCTION Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO): An oscilloscope is easily the most useful instrument available for testing circuits because it allows you to see the signals at different points in the circuit. The best way of investigating an electronic system is to monitor signals at the input and output of each system block, checking that each […]
Was it an asteroid that killed the dinosaurs? The extinction of the dinosaurs started in the cretaceous period, around 65 million years ago, and caused the loss of up to 70% of all life on earth. The way in which the dinosaurs died is a much argued topic which can be explained by a lot […]
Transducers used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine. Abstract: Ultrasound imaging depends on the ability of piezoelectric crystals to generate sound when excited with alternating current and the reverse effect of charge accumulation or current flow when such crystals are subjected to pressure from sound waves. The first known ultrasound imaging machine was designed by K. […]
CERN stands for “Centre Europe ‘n de Recherché which means the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. After the 2nd World War, many international organisations were evolving during which Raoul Dautry, Pierre Auger and Lew Kowarski from France, Edoardo Amaldi from Italy and Niels Bohr from Denmark intended to build an Atomic Physics Laboratory. After many […]
Introduction The rationale for this work is to present a theoretical and practical analysis of an extended low frequency enclosure capable of 20-65Hz, obtained through a method of careful cabinet design built around a suitable transducer and to support the findings with a build supporting sufficient evidence through implementation of testing. Low frequency tones… Enclosure […]
Introduction A research by Heckert (2010) shows in 1600s, the famous physicist Galileo . Galilei found the swinging motion of a large chandelier in the Pisa cathedral. He began to seriously analyse the chandelier, and recorded the time the light took to swing. In the 16th century, there was no stopwatch so that Galileo timed […]