Posted: February 22nd, 2024

The Development of New Maritime Safety Regulations

# The Development of New Maritime Safety Regulations

## Abstract

The shipping industry has made significant strides in reducing major accidents in the past. However, to continue this positive trend, innovative leading risk indicators are essential. These indicators allow for forward-looking identification and assessment of existing risks for ships and crews, enabling the implementation of mitigating measures before adverse events occur. The ongoing digital transformation in the maritime industry provides an opportunity to develop such leading risk indicators. With increasing data availability from ship operations, innovative risk management solutions can be designed.

This paper establishes a development framework for designing maritime risk models based on safety-related data collected onboard. By combining the idea of leading risk indicators with data and algorithm-based risk management methods, we demonstrate a proof of concept using an innovative machine learning-based approach to calculate a leading maritime risk indicator. Although the achieved model performance is not yet regarded as satisfactory, further research is planned.

## Introduction

Shipping accidents can result in significant losses for both shipping companies and society at large. Weak economic growth, limited demand in commodity markets, and an oversupply of tonnage have put shipping companies under considerable cost pressure. Consequently, safety-related maintenance and training measures compete for tight budgets, and crew numbers are adjusted on many ships.

To address risks for ships and crews effectively, objective assessment methods are necessary. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) plays a central role in identifying and assessing maritime risks through its Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). FSA defines risk as a combination of the probability that an adverse event will occur and the associated negative consequences.

## Leading Risk Indicators

Leading risk indicators provide an opportunity to proactively manage risks. By analyzing safety-related data collected onboard ships, we can develop models that identify potential hazards before they escalate into accidents. These indicators allow for timely implementation of mitigating measures.

## Machine Learning-Based Approach

Our proof of concept uses machine learning to calculate a leading maritime risk indicator. Although the model performance is not yet satisfactory, it demonstrates the feasibility of using data- and algorithm-based approaches to determine risk indicators per ship.

## Conclusion

The ongoing digital transformation in the maritime industry presents exciting opportunities for improving safety through innovative risk management solutions. By combining leading risk indicators with machine learning techniques, we can enhance safety practices and reduce accidents at sea.

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**Bibliography:**

1. Kretschmann, Lutz. “Leading indicators and maritime safety: predicting
Maritime Safety Regulation Development
In recent years, the global maritime community has witnessed a surge in efforts aimed at enhancing waterborne transportation’s safety standards. This dynamic landscape of regulation evolution reflects the industry’s unwavering commitment to safeguarding lives, protecting marine ecosystems, and fostering sustainable trade practices.
International Collaboration and Standardization
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), established under the auspices of the United Nations, serves as the primary authority responsible for developing and maintaining international conventions on maritime safety and security matters. Through its comprehensive regulatory framework, the IMO ensures uniform application of rules across nations, thereby promoting harmonious navigation worldwide.
Recent updates include amendments to MARPOL Annex VI, which tightens emission control areas (ECAs) and introduces stricter requirements for low sulfur fuel oil usage. Additionally, the Ballast Water Management Convention, adopted in 2004, aims to prevent the spread of invasive aquatic species through ballast water discharge.
Technological Innovations and Risk Assessment
Advancements in technology play a pivotal role in shaping modern maritime safety legislation. Automated identification systems (AIS), electronic chart displays and information systems (ECDIS), and vessel traffic services (VTS) are just some examples of cutting-edge tools that facilitate safer navigation and improve risk assessment capabilities.
Moreover, the advent of digital twins—virtual representations of physical assets—has enabled proactive monitoring and maintenance strategies, reducing the likelihood of equipment failure and subsequent accidents.
Human Factors and Training Initiatives
Despite technological advancements, human error remains one of the most significant contributors to maritime incidents. To mitigate this challenge, training initiatives such as STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers), ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code), and Tanker Management and Self-Assessment (TMSA) aim to enhance seafarers’ competencies and promote best practices within the shipping sector.
Recent Developments and Challenges
Notable developments in maritime safety regulation include the adoption of the Polar Code in January 2017, which addresses environmental protection measures specific to Arctic and Antarctic waters. Furthermore, the implementation of the Carriage of Cargo Under Pressure (CCUP) code, effective since July 2020, seeks to minimize risks associated with transporting dangerous goods via sea routes.
However, challenges persist, including the need for better enforcement mechanisms, particularly in regions where compliance may be lax due to limited resources or insufficient oversight. Moreover, ensuring equal access to up-to-date knowledge and technologies among smaller vessels and less developed countries poses additional hurdles.
Conclusion
Marine safety regulation continues to evolve dynamically, driven by advances in technology, increased awareness of environmental concerns, and ongoing efforts to reduce human errors. By embracing these changes and addressing existing challenges, the global maritime community can foster a culture of continuous improvement and ensure safe, secure, and environmentally sound operations well into the future
Koukoulis, S. G., Karamperidis, S., & Psaraftis, H. N. (2018). STCW 2010: An Overview. Journal of Shipping & Trade, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/jst-2018-0001
Hutchinson, D. J., Aksel, B., & Haugen, T. (2014). Implementation of the ISPS Code: Lessons Learned. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 62, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2014.07.002
Bekhor, P. L. (2020). Regulatory Framework for Maritime Safety: Past, Present, Future. Marine Policy, 104, 102772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.102772
Oladipo, O. N., Oyedele, L., & Afolabi, A. (2020). An Analysis of the Implementation of Tanker Management and Self-Assessment (TMSA) Scheme in Nigeria. Shipping Economics and Logistics, 32(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/sel.12182

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