Posted: November 24th, 2023

The Relationship Between Exposure to Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior in College Students

Research Proposal Paper: Each student will be asked to design a social psychologicalstudy. (The study should not be carried out.) The paper describing the study should be written inAPA style and should contain: 1) a title page; 2) an abstract; 3) an introduction, or literature review (with at least three references),ending with an original hypothesis; 4) a method section (in which the design is explained); and 4) a reference section. The report should be at least six pages long. Do not use websites as citations. ***Please do NOT put any type of results.This is a proposal of what study you would do if you were allowed, not what you have done.Thus, the abstract and method section should be written in future tense. a. Students are strongly encouraged to take drafts of their reports to the Writing Tutors at Academic Services (see http://www.nova.edu/tutoring-testing/index.html). Because this is a college course, grammatically correct writing is expected. b. This paper needs to be an EXPERIMENT or CORRELATIONAL STUDY with a testable hypothesis. The paper should not be written about an observationalstudy. c. This paper needs to be inAPA style.You should have the American PsychologicalAssociation Publication Manualas your guide. You can also use some of the information on the APA style website at www.apastyle.org. d. Of course, students must not plagiarize in this paper. It is your responsibility to know what plagiarism is and avoid doing it; however, one quick tip is that whenever you read information from somewhere else, you need to give that author(s) credit, right at that point in the paper, so that the reader knows exactly where you got your information. Note: Papers are to be submitted prior to or on the DUE date. Papers submitted late will be subject to a penalty of one-third of a letter grade per day. No paper will be accepted after the last day of the semester. For papers, websites are NOT acceptable as sources. If you have websites as sources, you will be marked off. If your paper is not in APA style, you will be marked off.

the topic will be about Violence and Aggression

the resource should be books not websites

###

Writing Guide:

The Effect of Watching Aggressive Interactions on Stress

PSYC 1020: Introduction to Psychology

The Effect of Watching Aggressive Interactions on Stress
Health psychologists have demonstrated that repeated exposure to aggressive behavior can be stressful (Smith, Bird, & Jones, 1974; Doe, 1989)…..
Note that the heading of the Introduction is the title of the paper, rather than the word “Introduction.” In the Introduction, you review numerous studies in the area you are researching. You don’t have to mention everything about the journal articles you cite; just talk about the parts that are relevant to your topic. Ideally, your paper should flow as a cohesive “story” about a certain area of research. That is, you are summarizing the state of research on a given topic; naturally, in order to do that, you need to explain what studies have been done on this topic. If you can integrate your article explanations together to provide a cohesive picture of the research in this area, that’s great. Even if your articles contradict each other, you can discuss the dilemma of which viewpoint is the correct one.
Remember, every assertion in the text of your paper must be cited. Remember that most, if not all, of your references should be from empirical journal articles. Empirical journal articles are articles in which the researchers conducted a study or studies. You can find these empirical journal articles through the PsycInfo database, and you can read them in the journal stacks on the second floor of the NSU Alvin Sherman Library. In your paper, citations should include the authors and the year. If the two or more author names are inside parentheses (), you use an “&”. If you use the author names outside of parentheses, you use the word “and.” Here are some examples below:
Researchers have found that parents can read the facial expressions of their own children more accurately than those of other children (Zuckerman & Prewuzman, 1979).
Zuckerman and Prewuzman (1979) found that parents can read the facial expressions of their own children more accurately than those of other children.
Page numbers are not given unless there is a direct quote. Below are some examples if you are quoting the author directly. You should try to keep direct quotes to a minimum; it is much better to paraphrase and put the quote into your own words.
According to a recent study, “one out of six women are sexually assaulted” (Jones & Smith, 1998, p. 32).
According to Jones and Smith (1998, p. 32), “one out of six women are sexually assaulted.” In 1998, Jones and Smith (p. 32) said, “One out of six women are sexually assaulted.”
Your Introduction should start off with an opening paragraph (in which you introduce the topic and provide some context for it), then go into your review of the relevant literature (citing articles where appropriate), and end with the hypothesis for your study. An example of an ending for an Introduction section (i.e., the hypothesis) appears below.
Although many studies have investigated the relationship between aggression and stress, no one has looked specifically at the effects of watching an aggressive interaction on stress. In the present research, the effects of watching an aggressive interaction will be examined. It is predicted that participants who watch an aggressive interaction will experience higher levels of stress than participants who do not watch an aggressive interaction.
Method
Participants
Four-hundred undergraduates at a large university in Southern Florida will participate in the study. All participants will be between the ages of 18 and 24.
Materials
A polygraph will be used to determine participants’ skin conductance levels…..
A questionnaire will also be used to measure stress (see Appendix A).
Procedure
Participants will be recruited through advertisements posted on a college campus…..
The study will take place in a large college campus auditorium. Participants will be run in groups of ten. When participants arrive at the auditorium, they will be greeted and asked to read and sign an informed consent agreement. Then the experimenter will ask participants to…..
The procedure should include every step that participants will go through. If someone else wanted to run your study, he or she should be able to do so after reading your procedure. In addition, the variables should be clearly defined. For an experiment, the procedure should explain precisely how the dependent or outcome measure(s) will be measured, and should explain precisely how the two or more conditions of the independent variable(s) will be set up. For a correlational study, the procedure should explain exactly how the two (or more) variables will be measured.
Upon completion of the study, participants will be thanked for their time and thoroughly debriefed.

References
Doe, J. (1989). The relationship between aggression and stress. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 83, 589-605. doi:10.1037/pspb.1989.26.10.1120
Jones, A. B., & Smith, C. D. (1998). Sexual assault and dating. In B. R. Egan (Ed.),
Gender across the lifespan (pp. 31-59). New York: Springer.
Smith, C. D., Bird, L. J., and Jones, A. B. (1974). Aggressive behavior in professional
athletes predicts stress-related heart problems. Journal of Sports Psychology, 13,
432-439. doi:12.1897/jsp.1974.24.12.1999
Zuckerman, M., and Prewuzman, H. C. (1979). Parents’ skill at decoding nonverbal
cues of their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 304-
311. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.1067

Appendix A
Stress Questionnaire

Please answer the following questions. Simply circle the letter that best indicates how you feel at this moment.
1. How anxious do you feel right now?
A – Not at all anxious
B – A little anxious
C – Moderately anxious
D – Very anxious
E – Extremely anxious

[etc. …]

HELPFUL HINTS FOR FINDING ARTICLES
AND WRITING AN INTRODUCTION SECTION
IN AN APA-FORMAT PAPER

1. TIPS ON HOW TO FIND EMPIRICAL PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL ARTICLES USING PSYCINFO:

To write the Introduction section of a paper, you will need to find several journal articles. To find a professional psychology journal article, you need to look in the PsycInfo database. You can always ask the librarian for help with this, but here is a step-by-step way to access the database from the NSU webpage:

1. Go to http://sherman.library.nova.edu/
2. Click on “Databases by name” and select “PsycInfo.”
3. Log in using your NSU login and password.
4. Now you can search any topic in psychology by entering it into the PsycInfo database and clicking on “search”! Use the options on the right side to narrow your search, such as by limiting sources to those that have certain words in the title (TI) of the article, or those written by certain authors (AU). You can also check the boxes to limit your search to “peer reviewed” “scholarly journals” with a particular range of publication dates.
5. *** IMPORTANT: After you have searched for a topic, you may wish to click on the tab which limits it to “peer-reviewed journal articles.” You should try to cite mostly or all empirical journal articles, which are articles in which the authors did an experiment or study or some kind. You should avoid using too many book chapters. Book chapters are essentially reviews of the literature in a certain field, which is what you would be doing when writing your introduction section (so it doesn’t make sense to do a review of someone else’s review).
6. After you have found articles through PsycInfo, you may be able to download the article directly as a PDF file. But if the article is unavailable online, write down or print the relevant information (article title, authors, journal name). Then you just go to the library to find the actual article itself. Journals are on the second floor of the main campus library; you can ask a librarian for help if you can’t find them. The journals there are in alphabetical order. For example, if your article appears on pages 126-135 of “Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin” (1995), you would go to the journals, find “Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, pull out the collection of journals from the year 1995, and turn to page 126. Then you Xerox the entire article to take home with you, and read it in detail in order to talk about it in your paper.

2. TIPS ON CITATIONS IN THE INTRODUCTION SECTION OF AN APA-FORMAT PAPER:

Ideally, your Introduction section should flow as a cohesive “story” about a certain area of research. That is, you are summarizing the state of research on a given topic; naturally, in order to do that, you need to explain what studies have been done on this topic. If you can integrate your article explanations together to provide a cohesive picture of the research in this area, that’s great. Even if your articles contradict each other, you can discuss the dilemma of which viewpoint is the correct one.

Below I am including a list of tips for citing articles in APA (American Psychological Association) format:

APA Citation Format

Every statement of fact in the text of one of your papers must be cited. How do you know it? From a journal article? From a book chapter? A webpage? If you didn’t do the research yourself, you must cite it in the text. Then that reference must appear again at the end of your paper in your References section. [Note specific to PSYC 1020 students: for your first PSYC 1020 paper, you are not required to have a references section. In addition, most of your references should be from empirical journal articles, and none of them should be from the web or a TV show.] Statements of fact that are not referenced will cost you points on your grade.

In your paper, citations should be in the form “(author, year).” There are some examples below.

If the two or more author names are inside parentheses (), you use an “&”. If you use the author names outside of parentheses, you use the word “and.” For example:

Researchers have found that parents can read the facial expressions of their own children more accurately than those of other children (Zuckerman & Prewuzman, 1979).

Zuckerman and Prewuzman (1979) found that parents can read the facial expressions of their own children more accurately than those of other children.

Page numbers are NOT given unless there is a direct quote. A direct quote is the kind you need quotation marks for — when you are using the author’s exact words, not paraphrasing him or her. It’s not a difficult distinction — if you use “quotes” you need a page number; otherwise you don’t need to list the page number. Just remember you must always include BOTH the author and the year. Examples appear below.

Here are some examples if you are paraphrasing — saying what the author said, but in your own words (which you should try to do most of the time):

One out of six women are sexually assaulted (Jones & Smith, 1998).
According to Jones and Smith (1998), one out of six women are sexually assaulted.

Below are some examples if you are quoting the author directly: (You should try to keep this to a minimum.)

According to a recent study, “one out of six women are sexually assaulted” (Jones & Smith, 1998, p. 32).

According to Jones and Smith (1998, p. 32), “one out of six women are sexually assaulted.”

In 1998, Jones and Smith (p. 32) said, “One out of six women are sexually assaulted.”

Finally, I highly recommend going to Academic Services (see the handout I gave you in class)! First of all, they have guidelines for writing in APA format, which you may find helpful. Second of all, they have FREE tutors to help you. You can request a tutor who knows APA format writing.

____________________________
Research Proposal Paper
The Relationship Between Exposure to Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior in College Students
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior in college students. A sample of 100 undergraduate students will complete self-report questionnaires measuring their media consumption habits as well as their tendencies towards aggressive behavior. It is hypothesized that higher levels of exposure to violent media will be positively correlated with higher levels of aggressive behavior.
Introduction
A wealth of research has demonstrated links between exposure to violent media and increased aggression (Anderson et al., 2010; Bushman & Huesmann, 2006). However, much of this research has focused on children and adolescents. The current study seeks to expand this line of inquiry by examining the relationship between violent media exposure and aggression in college students. According to the general aggression model, exposure to violent media primes aggressive thoughts and behaviors (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). If college students are regularly exposed to media violence, this could increase their likelihood of behaving aggressively.
Method
Participants will be 100 undergraduate students recruited from a large public university. They will complete two self-report questionnaires, one measuring their consumption of various media (television, movies, video games) containing violence over the past 6 months, and the other assessing their tendencies towards physical, verbal, and hostile aggression. It is hypothesized that higher levels of violent media exposure will be positively correlated with higher aggression scores.
References
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual review of psychology, 53(1), 27-51.
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., … & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 136(2), 151.
Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2006). Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 160(4), 348-352.