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Posted: February 13th, 2023
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The condition is caused by the body’s inability to produce enough insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used by the cells for energy.
– Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization, over 420 million people globally have diabetes and 90% of these cases are Type 2 diabetes. The number of people with diabetes has quadrupled over the last 35 years, largely due to population aging, urbanization and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity.
– Risk Factors
Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition with many factors that can increase the risk of its development. Some of the key risk factors include:
Age: The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes increases as you get older.
Family history: If you have a close family member with Type 2 diabetes, you are more likely to develop the condition.
Obesity: Excess body weight, particularly in the form of abdominal fat, increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Physical inactivity: People who are physically inactive are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes.
Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans, are at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
– Symptoms
Type 2 diabetes may develop gradually over a period of years and may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, some common symptoms include:
Increased thirst and frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Blurred vision
Slow healing of cuts and bruises
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Fatigue
– Diagnosis
A doctor may diagnose Type 2 diabetes based on a combination of symptoms, a physical examination and blood tests that measure blood glucose levels. The most common blood test for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes is the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), which measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast. The American Diabetes Association recommends that adults be tested for Type 2 diabetes every three years starting at the age of 45.
– Treatment and Management
The goal of treatment for Type 2 diabetes is to keep blood glucose levels within a target range, reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity, and medical management, such as oral medications or insulin therapy.
– Lifestyle Changes
Eating a healthy diet: A balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help control blood glucose levels and manage Type 2 diabetes.
Increasing physical activity: Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, can help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels.
Maintaining a healthy weight: Losing weight can help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels.
– Medical Management
Oral medications: There are several types of oral medications that can help lower blood glucose levels in people with Type 2 diabetes.
Insulin therapy: If oral medications are not enough to control blood glucose levels, insulin therapy may be necessary. Insulin therapy involves injecting insulin into the fat tissue under the skin.
– Complications
If Type 2 diabetes is not properly managed, it can lead to a number of serious complications, including:
Cardiovascular disease: People with Type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack and stroke.
Nerve damage (neuropathy): High blood glucose levels can damage the nerves, leading to tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.
Kidney damage (nephropathy): Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to kidney disease and eventually, kidney failure.
Eye damage (retinopathy): High blood glucose levels can damage the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to vision loss and blindness.
Foot damage: Nerve damage and poor blood flow to the feet can increase the risk of foot injuries and infections, which can lead to amputations in severe cases.
Skin and gum infections: People with Type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk of developing skin and gum infections.
Alzheimer’s disease: Recent research has found that people with Type 2 diabetes may be at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
– Prevention and Control
Type 2 diabetes is a preventable condition, and making lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of its development. Some of the key steps for preventing or controlling Type 2 diabetes include:
Eating a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help control blood glucose levels and prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Increasing physical activity: Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, can help improve insulin sensitivity and prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Maintaining a healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight through a combination of diet and exercise can help prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Quit smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, so quitting smoking is an important step for preventing the condition.
Reducing stress: Chronic stress can raise blood glucose levels and increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, so finding effective ways to manage stress is important for prevention and control.
– Conclusion
Type 2 diabetes is a complex and challenging metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. However, with the right treatment and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and reduce the risk of complications. By understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatments for Type 2 diabetes, people can take steps to prevent its development and improve their health and well-being.
References:
World Health Organization. (2021). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S1-S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S001
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2021). Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/type-2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type2.html
Mayo Clinic. (2021). Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193
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